Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks

506 Pages·2013·9.28 MB·English

by  Habib F. Rashvand, Han-Chieh Chao

Telecommunications Series 59
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Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks
y Dynamic Ad Hoc
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Motivated by the exciting new application paradigm of using amalgamated Habib F. Rashvand has over 30 years professional A
technologies of the Internet and wireless, the next generation experience in academia and industry, including d
communication networks (also called ‘ubiquitous’, ‘complex’ and positions at Racal, Vodafone, Nokia, Cable &
‘unstructured’ networking) are changing the way we develop and apply Wireless, University of Tehran, University of Zambia, H
our future systems and services at home and on local, national and global Open University, Coventry University, German o
scales. Whatever the interconnection - a WiMAX enabled networked mobile Universities of Magdeburg and the University of c
Warwick. His interests include innovation, engineering
vehicle, MEMS or nanotechnology enabled distributed sensor systems, management, wireless sensor systems and N
Vehicular Ad hoc Networking (VANET) or Mobile Ad hoc Networking distributed systems. He is the author of over 100 e
(MANET) - all can be classified under new networking structures which publications including two books. t
can be given the generic title of ‘ad hoc’ communication networking. Han-Chieh Chao is a joint appointed Full Professor w
Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks presents selective recent and important of the Department of Electronic Engineering o
and Institute of Computer Science & Information
research ideas in this field and provides a timely snapshot of potential r
Engineering at National Ilan University, Taiwan, and k
developments covering network control, network topology, routing and is also serving as the president for the same school. s
scheduling for various aspects of implementation, applications and His research interests include high speed networks,
associated attributes. The book features contributions from an international wireless networks, IPv6 based networks, digital
panel of well-known experts and researchers, exploring ad hoc networking creative arts and digital divide. He has authored or
fundamentals and its principles; recent and key developing techniques co-authored four books and has published about
of dynamic ad hoc networking; in-depth analysis of critical service- 300 refereed professional research papers. He is
oriented features of dynamic ad hoc networking; and typical case studies, the Editor-in-Chief of several journals including IET
Communications and IET Networks.
application scenarios and uses of dynamic ad hoc networking.
aR
na Edited by
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Chva Habib F. Rashvand
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The Institution of Engineering and Technology and Han-Chieh Chao
www.theiet.org
978-1-84919-647-5
Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks.indd 1 19/06/2013 13:15:19
IETTELECOMMUNICATIONSSERIES 59
Dynamic Ad Hoc
Networks
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume9 PhasenoiseinsignalsourcesW.P.Robins
Volume12 SpreadspectrumincommunicationsR.Skaugand
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Volume13 AdvancedsignalprocessingD.J.Creasey(Editor)
Volume19 Telecommunicationstraffic,tariffsandcostsR.E.Farr
Volume20 AnintroductiontosatellitecommunicationsD.I.Dalgleish
Volume26 Common-channelsignallingR.J.Manterfield
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Volume29 ATM:thebroadbandtelecommunicationssolutionL.G.CuthbertandJ.C.Sapanel
Volume31 Datacommunicationsandnetworks,3rdeditionR.L.Brewster(Editor)
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Volume34 DigitalbroadcastingP.Dambacher
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informationsystemsM.Ghanbari,C.J.Hughes,M.C.SinclairandJ.P.Eade
Volume36 Telecommunicationnetworks,2ndeditionJ.E.Flood(Editor)
Volume37 OpticalcommunicationreceiverdesignS.B.Alexander
Volume38 Satellitecommunicationsystems,3rdeditionB.G.Evans(Editor)
Volume40 SpreadspectruminmobilecommunicationO.Berg,T.Berg,J.F.Hjelmstad,
S.HaavikandR.Skaug
Volume41 WorldtelecommunicationseconomicsJ.J.Wheatley
Volume43 TelecommunicationssignallingR.J.Manterfield
Volume44 Digitalsignalfiltering,analysisandrestorationJ.Jan
Volume45 Radiospectrummanagement,2ndeditionD.J.Withers
Volume46 Intelligentnetworks:principlesandapplicationsJ.R.Anderson
Volume47 LocalaccessnetworktechnologiesP.France
Volume48 TelecommunicationsqualityofservicemanagementA.P.Oodan(Editor)
Volume49 Standardcodecs:imagecompressiontoadvancedvideocodingM.Ghanbari
Volume50 TelecommunicationsregulationJ.Buckley
Volume51 SecurityformobilityC.Mitchell(Editor)
Volume52 UnderstandingtelecommunicationsnetworksA.Valdar
Volume53 Videocompressionsystems:fromfirstprinciplestoconcatenatedcodecs
A.Bock
Volume54 StandardCodecs:imagecompressiontoadvancedvideocoding,3rdedition
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Volume905 ISDNapplicationsineducationandtrainingR.MasonandP.D.Bacsich
Dynamic Ad Hoc
Networks
Edited by
Habib F. Rashvand and Han-Chieh Chao
The Institution ofEngineeringand Technology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2013
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Contents
Listoffigures xvii
Listoftables xxiii
Editorsbiography xxv
Authorsbiography xxvii
Preface xxxix
Acknowledgement xlv
Listofacronyms xlvii
Part I Conceptsandprinciples 1
1 Dynamic adhoc networksandassociated key management 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Dynamic ad hoc networks 4
1.1.2 Challenges of key management 5
1.2 Background 6
1.2.1 Desirable features for DANETs 6
1.2.1.1 Infrastructure-less anddistributedarchitecture 6
1.2.1.2 Networktopologyanddensity 7
1.2.1.3 Networkformation 7
1.2.1.4 Resourcelimitations 7
1.2.1.5 Nodemobility 8
1.2.1.6 Inherentsecurityproblems 8
1.2.2 Evaluation metrics of key management 8
1.2.2.1 Applicability 9
1.2.2.2 Complexity 9
1.2.2.3 Robustness 10
1.2.2.4 Scalability 10
1.2.2.5 Security 10
1.3 Categories of key management schemes 11
1.3.1 Contributory key management schemes 11
1.3.2 Distributive key management schemes 12
1.3.2.1 Publickeyschemes 12
1.3.2.2 Symmetric schemes 14
1.4 Further developments 15
1.5 Conclusion 16
References 17
vi Dynamic adhoc networks
2 Energy-efficient routing protocols in adhocnetworks 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Types of wirelessad hoc networks 22
2.3 Energy-efficient routing inad hoc networks 24
2.4 Energy-efficient routing approaches in MANETs 25
2.4.1 Reliable and energy-efficient routing (RelEE) 25
2.4.2 Energy-Efficient On-Demand Routing
Algorithm (EEAODR) 27
2.4.3 Energy-Efficient Congestion-Aware Routing
Protocol (EECARP) 28
2.4.4 Progressive Energy-Efficient Routing (PEER) 28
2.4.5 Energy Efficient PowerAware Routing (EEPAR)
algorithm 30
2.4.6 Route selection based on cost function 30
2.4.7 Route discovery 30
2.4.8 Modifications of control packets 30
2.4.9 Modifications at the source node 30
2.4.10 Modifications at the intermediate node 31
2.4.11 Modifications at the destination node 31
2.4.12 Maximization of network lifetime and congestion
control 31
2.4.13 Energy Aware Routing Algorithm (EARA) 31
2.4.14 Energy Efficient Integrated Routing Protocol (E2IRP) 33
2.4.14.1 E2IRPconfiguration phase 34
2.4.14.2 E2IRPactive phase 34
2.4.15 Power-aware Routing Protocol (PAR) 35
2.4.16 Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) 36
2.4.17 Location-based PowerConservation (LBPC)Scheme
for MANETs 36
2.4.18 Cluster-based routing protocol (CBRP) 37
2.5 Energy-efficient routing approaches in ad hoc meshnetworks 38
2.5.1 Energy and throughput-aware routing 40
2.5.2 Battery aware multiple inputmultiple output (MIMO)
mesh network power scheduling(BAMPS) 40
2.5.3 Energy Efficient Routing (E2R) 41
2.5.3.1 E2Rroutemetric discoveryphase 42
2.5.3.2 Datadeliveryphase 42
2.6 Energy-efficient routing approaches in Cognitive Radio
ad hoc Networks (CRAHNs) 43
2.6.1 MANETsversusCognitive Radio ad hoc Networks 43
2.6.2 Spectrum and Energy Aware Routing (SER) protocol 44
2.6.3 Delay and Energy-based Spectrum Aware Routing
(DESAR)protocol 45
2.7 Conclusion 46
Acknowledgements 46
References 46
Contents vii
3 Security in vehicular adhoc networks 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Basic architecture of VANET 52
3.2.1 In-vehicle domain 52
3.2.2 ad hoc domain 53
3.2.3 Infrastructure domain 53
3.2.4 Standards for wireless access in VANETs 55
3.3 Security issuesin VANET 56
3.3.1 Adversary model 56
3.3.2 Attacks onVANETs 57
3.3.2.1 Basicattacks againstmessages 57
3.3.2.2 Otherattacks 59
3.4 Security solutions 63
3.5 Privacy in VANET 67
3.6 Future security challenges 70
3.7 Conclusion 73
Acknowledgements 73
References 74
4 INTInternet-gateway discovery in mobile adhocnetworks 79
4.1 Introduction: MANETsconnected to the Internet 79
4.2 Requirements for connecting a MANET tothe Internet 81
4.3 Internet-gateway discovery in a MANET 82
4.4 Techniques to adjust the frequency of the gateway messages 83
4.4.1 Adaptive discoverybased on quality of service 84
4.4.2 Algorithm based onthe stability factor 84
4.4.3 Fuzzy-logic-based adaptive algorithm 85
4.5 Techniques to adjust the scope of the gateway messages 86
4.5.1 Maximal source coverage 86
4.5.2 Maximal benefit coverage 86
4.5.3 Low overhead and scalable proxied 87
4.5.4 Mobile-IP-based adaptive discovery 88
4.5.5 Centralized TTL adaptation 88
4.5.6 Load-based gateway discovery 88
4.5.7 Signal-to-noise-based adaptation 89
4.5.8 Adaptive distributed discovery 89
4.5.9 Selective retransmission of the MRAmessages 90
4.5.10 Gateway discovery based on stable links 90
4.5.11 Type-2 fuzzy-logic-based adjustment 91
4.6 Adjustment inthe hybridgateway discovery 91
4.6.1 Generic algorithm 91
4.6.2 Regulated mobility degree 92
4.6.3 Auto-regressive-filter-based algorithm 93
4.6.4 Adaptive discoverybased on the neighbourhood 93
4.6.5 GPS-assisted hybridgateway discovery 93
4.6.6 Fuzzy-logic-based hybridgateway discovery 93
viii Dynamic adhoc networks
4.7 Further developments 94
4.8 Conclusion 94
References 95
5 Capacity of wireless adhocnetworks 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Fundamental concepts 100
5.2.1 Adhoc network scenario 101
5.2.2 Capacity definition 102
5.2.2.1 Outage capacity 105
5.3 Analytical modelling 107
5.3.1 Modelling of the received signals in ad hoc networks 107
5.3.2 Model verification 109
5.4 Capacity analysis in ad hoc networks 111
5.4.1 Capacity analysis 111
5.4.2 Optimum outage threshold 111
5.5 Further developments 112
5.6 Conclusion 115
References 115
Part II Networkingmethodsandtechniques 119
6 VANETdynamic routing protocols: evaluation,
challenges andsolutions 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Requirements for a routing protocol for VANET 122
6.3 State-of-art in routing protocols for VANET 123
6.3.1 Topology-based routing 124
6.3.1.1 Proactiveapproach 124
6.3.1.2 Reactiveapproach 124
6.3.2 Geographic routing 125
6.3.2.1 Greedyperimeterstatelessrouting(GPSR) 126
6.3.2.2 Geographicsourcerouting(GSR) 126
6.3.2.3 Anchor-basedstreetandtraffic aware
routing (A-STAR) 126
6.3.2.4 Connectivity-aware routing(CAR) 126
6.3.3 Routing architecture for VANET 127
6.3.3.1 Generic vehicular dynamic sourcerouting (GVDSR) 127
6.4 Performance evaluation of routing protocols for VANET 131
6.4.1 Results 132
6.4.1.1 ResultsforTCPtraffic 132
6.4.1.2 ResultsforUDPtraffic 133
6.5 Research trends and challenges 135
6.5.1 Mobility modelling and predication 135
6.5.2 Applicationssupport 135
Contents ix
6.5.3 Simulation environments 137
6.6 Conclusion 137
References 138
7 Exploiting cooperative relays in MIMO adhocnetworks 141
7.1 Introduction 142
7.2 Background and motivation 144
7.3 Problem formulation and a centralized solution 146
7.3.1 Problem formulation 147
7.3.2 Acentralized algorithm 149
7.4 Packet scheduling with relay transmission 151
7.4.1 Determination of transmitter nodes and the number
of transmission streams 152
7.4.1.1 Distributedtransmitternodeselection 153
7.4.1.2 Distributeddetermination ofthe
numberofstreams 155
7.4.2 Allocation to antennas 155
7.5 Protocol design 156
7.5.1 Relay operations 156
7.5.1.1 Findingcandidaterelay nodes 156
7.5.1.2 Triggering ofrelaytransmission 157
7.5.1.3 Constrainingthedelayofrelaytransmission 157
7.5.1.4 Broadcastofpacketreceptionstatus 157
7.5.1.5 Ratedetermination 158
7.5.2 Protocol details 158
7.5.3 Anexample 160
7.6 Performance evaluation 161
7.7 Further development 165
7.8 Conclusion 166
References 167
8 Single-pathandmultipathroutingsin mobile adhoc networks 171
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Mobile ad hoc networks 172
8.2.1 Applications 173
8.2.2 Open challenges 174
8.3 Routing in fixed networks 175
8.3.1 Distance vector 175
8.3.2 Link state 176
8.4 Routing in ad hoc networks 176
8.4.1 Characteristics of an ideal ad hoc routing protocol 176
8.4.2 Taxonomyof ad hoc routing protocols 177
8.4.3 On-demandsingle-path routing schemes 179
8.4.3.1 Dynamicsourcerouting 179
8.4.3.2 Adhocon-demand distancevector 181