Durability of reinforced concrete structures

149 Pages·2020·14.124 MB·English

by  Paul Chess, Warren Green

Durability of Reinforced
Concrete Structures

Durability of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
Paul Chess and Warren Green
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Chess, Paul, author. | Green, Warren (Corrosion engineer), author.
Title: Durability of reinforced concrete structures / by Paul Chess and
Warren Green.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis
Group, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Summary: “Reinforced concrete structures corrode as they age, with
significant financial implications, but it is not immediately clear why
some are more durable than others. This book looks at the mechanisms for
corrosion and how corrosion engineering can be used for these problems
to be minimized in future projects. Several different examples of
reinforced concrete structures with corrosion problems are described and
the various life enhancement solutions considered and applied are
discussed. The book includes a chapter on the effectiveness of corrosion
monitoring techniques and questions why the reality is at odds with
current theory and standards. Specialist contractors, consultants and
owners of corrosion damaged structures will find this an extremely
useful resource. It will also be a valuable reference for students at
postgraduate level”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019043459 (print) | LCCN 2019043460 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367278380 (hardback ; acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780429298189 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Reinforced concrete construction. | High strength concrete.
| Concrete--Corrosion.
Classification: LCC TA440 .C524 2020 (print) | LCC TA440 (ebook) | DDC
624.1/8341--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019043459
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019043460
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Authors xi
1 The Problem 1
1.1 Reinforced Concrete 1
1.2 Steel Reinforcement 2
1.3 Prestressed and Post‑Tensioned Concrete 3
1.4 Concerns about Durability of Reinforced Concrete 4
1.5 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete 4
1.5.1 Causes 4
1.5.2 Uniform (Microcell) Corrosion and Pitting
(Macrocell) Corrosion 5
1.5.3 Corrosion Products Development – Cracking,
Delamination and Spalling 6
1.6 Chloride‑Induced Corrosion 8
1.7 Carbonation‑Induced Corrosion 8
1.8 Leaching‑Induced Corrosion 9
1.9 Stray and Interference Current‑Induced Corrosion 10
1.9.1 General 10
1.9.2 Ground Currents 12
1.9.3 Interference Currents 13
1.9.4 Local Corrosion Due to Stray or Interference
Currents 13
1.10 Conclusions 14
References 14
2 The Corrosion Process in Reinforced Concrete: The State
of the Art 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 The Corrosion Process 18
2.3 The Amount of Chloride Required to Initiate Corrosion 22
2.4 The Effect of the Structure’s Shape on Corrosion 22
2.5 Ionic Movement in Concrete 23
2.6 Incipient Anodes – Additional Evidence of
Electrochemical Effects 25
v
vi Contents
2.7 Advection 26
2.8 Chloride Penetration – Additional Evidence of Advection 27
2.9 Mechanical Movement 28
2.10 Studies of Corrosion on Structures 29
2.11 Conclusions 30
References 31
3 Monitoring Corrosion and Why Most of the Current NDT
Techniques Are Flawed 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Changes in the Concrete 35
3.2.1 Visual Cracking 35
3.2.2 Staining 35
3.2.3 Chloride‑Sampling 36
3.2.4 Hammer, Chain Testing or Ultrasonics 36
3.2.5 Carbonation Testing 37
3.2.6 Resistivity Testing 37
3.3 Changes in the Steel Reinforcement 38
3.3.1 Half‑Cell (Electrode) Potential 38
3.3.2 Kelvin Probe Potential 40
3.3.3 Current Measurement 40
3.3.4 Polarisation Resistance 41
3.3.5 X‑Ray 42
3.3.6 Radar 43
3.4 Changes in the Steel to Concrete Interface 43
3.4.1 Heating Insulation 43
3.4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 43
3.4.3 Electrochemical Acoustic Noise 44
3.4.4 Connectionless Electrical Pulse Response Analysis 44
3.5 Summary 44
References 45
4 Solutions for New Structures 47
4.1 Design Life in Different Structures and Countries 47
4.2 Modelling and Its Limitations 50
4.3 Evaluating Similar Structures in Similar Environments 51
4.4 Improving the Durability of Concrete 52
4.5 Improving the Durability of Reinforcement 53
4.6 Improving Durability of the Structure 55
4.7 Hydrophobic or Thin Coatings 56
4.8 Continuous Film or Thick Coatings 56
Contents vii
4.9 Barrier 57
4.10 Changing Design 58
4.11 Combination of Techniques 60
References 60
5 Maximising Service Life with Minimal Capital Expenditure 63
5.1 Phases in the Life of a Structure 63
5.2 Owner Requirements 63
5.3 Durability Consultant 66
5.4 Designer Requirements 66
5.5 Contractor Requirements 67
5.6 Operator/Maintainer Requirements 69
5.7 Determining Damage Tolerance 72
5.8 Capital Expenditure versus Maintenance Expenditure 72
5.9 Conclusions 73
References 73
6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different
Remediation Procedures 75
6.1 Anti‑Corrosion Procedure Options 75
6.2 ‘Do Nothing’ Option 77
6.3 Scenario Analyses of Options 77
6.4 Marine Wharf Substructure Elements – Remedial Options
Scenario Analysis 78
6.5 Marine Wharf Substructure Elements – Scenario Analysis
of Non‑Preferred Remedial Options 81
6.6 Deciding on the Most Appropriate Remediation Procedure 83
6.7 Condition Survey to Assess the Cause, Degree and
Extent of Deterioration 83
6.8 Reinforcement Corrosion Modelling 85
6.9 Conclusions 86
References 87
7 Examples of Damage and Remediation with Different
Structures 89
7.1 Marine Jetty 89
7.1.1 Jetty Description 89
7.1.2 Life Extension Options 90
7.1.2.1 Do Nothing 90
7.1.2.2 Do Nothing and Regular Inspections for
Structural Stability 91
viii Contents
7.1.2.3 Patch Repairs 91
7.1.2.4 Structural Augmentation 91
7.1.2.5 Cathodic Protection 92
7.1.2.6 Other Electrochemical Treatments 92
7.1.2.7 Replacement of the Structure 92
7.1.3 Discussion 93
7.2 Prestressed Containment Tanks 93
7.2.1 Bund Repair Options 94
7.2.2 Discussion 95
7.3 Middle Eastern Airport 96
7.3.1 Introduction 96
7.3.2 The Problem 96
7.3.3 The Solution 97
7.3.4 Previous Corrosion Monitoring Systems 97
7.3.5 New Corrosion Monitoring System 98
7.3.6 Problems 100
7.4 Immersed Tube Tunnel 100
7.4.1 Introduction 100
7.4.2 Appropriate Solution? 101
7.4.3 What is the Cathodic Protection Doing? 102
7.4.4 Discussion 104
7.5 Swimming Pool 104
7.5.1 Introduction 104
7.5.2 Selection of a Cathodic Protection System 107
7.5.3 Description of Rehabilitation Works 108
7.5.4 Results 110
7.5.5 Conclusions 111
7.6 Coal Storage Silos 112
7.6.1 Introduction 112
7.6.1.1 3000T Silos 112
7.6.1.2 5000T Silos 113
7.6.2 Condition Investigations 114
7.6.3 Investigation Results – 3000T Silos 114
7.6.3.1 Engineering Review – Structural
Analysis/Assessment 114
7.6.3.2 Field Investigation 115
7.6.4 Investigation Results – 5000T Silo 117
7.6.4.1 Engineering Review – Structural
Analysis/Assessment 117
7.6.4.2 Field Investigation 117
7.6.5 Remediation 118
Contents ix
7.6.5.1 Options Considered – 3000T Silos 118
7.6.5.2 Options Considered – 5000T Silo 119
7.6.6 Outline of Adopted Remediation Option – 3000T
Silos 119
7.6.7 Outline of Adopted Remediation Option – 5000T
Silo 120
7.7 Marine Wharves 121
7.7.1 Introduction 121
7.7.2 Port of Newcastle Wharf and Berth Structures 121
7.7.3 Concrete CP Systems Overview 122
7.7.4 West Basin Wharf 3 (Front Beam) 125
7.7.4.1 Background 125
7.7.4.2 ICCP System Summary 127
7.7.4.3 ICCP System Monitoring Findings 127
7.7.5 Conclusions 130
References 131
Index 133