Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives, Volume 3

432 Pages·2010·11.979 MB·432\432

by  Wolf, Andreas T. (Eds.)

Journal of ASTM International
SelectedTechnicalPapers STP 1514
Durability of Building and Construction
Sealants and Adhesives: 3rd Volume
JAI Guest Editor:
Andreas T. Wolf
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PrintedinNewburyport,MA
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Contents
..........................................................................
Overview vii
LaboratoryTestingandSpecializedOutdoorExposureTesting
AnAttemptatFindingaCorrelationBetweenEnvironmentalandAcceleratedRILEM
TC139-DBSWeatheringforOne-ComponentPolyurethaneSealantsAppliedon
Mortar
........................................
E.Pozzi,V.Carcano,andA.Ausilio 3
JointSealingSystemsforPavements—ANewApproachTowardsaPerformance
RelatedEvaluationofCapabilityandDurability
...........................................
C.RecknagelandS.Pirskawetz 15
Long-TermOutdoorWeatheringStudyofConstructionSealants
...............................................
E.D.BullandG.M.Lucas 38
SelectiveReviewofWeatheringTestsforSealantsandThoughtsontheDevelopment
ofNovelTestConceptBasedonSimultaneousWeatheringandMovement
.........................................
J.M.KlosowskiandP.D.Gorman 73
NewWeatheringTestMethodforSealantsandPreliminaryExperimentalResults
.........................................
J.M.KlosowskiandP.D.Gorman 84
EffectsofWaterImmersiononBuildingandCivilEngineeringJointsandtheUseof
theArrheniusMethodinPredictingAdhesionLifetimeofWater-Immersed
Joints
............................................................
A.T.Wolf 111
ExperimentalEvaluationofUltravioletandVisibleLightCuringAcrylatesforUsein
GlassStructures
.................................................
B.WellerandS.Tasche 135
RelativeResistanceofSiliconeandSi-HybridBasedSealantstoAlternatingPeriodsof
AcceleratedWeatheringandThermo-MechanicalMovements
............................................
D.LongoandP.Vandereecken 157
EvaluationoftheDurabilityPotentialofSilylTerminatedPolyacrylateBased
ConstructionSealant
............................................
Y.NakagawaandS.Yukimoto 165
FactorsInfluencingtheDurabilityofSealedJointsandAdhesiveFixations
SubstrateDurabilityGuidelinesUsedinSiliconeStructuralAttachment
.........................................................
L.D.Carbary 185
AdhesionDevelopmentofOrganicandSiliconeSealantsonWetandDryConcrete
................................................
F.GubbelsandC.Calvet 200
CleaningSiliconeResiduefromGlass
.............................
J.M.Klosowski,E.S.Breeze,andD.H.Nicastro 217
ResistanceofAdhesiveBondingofUltra-HighPerformanceConcretetoHygrothermal,
Corrosive,andFreeze-ThawCyclingEnvironments
....
R.Krelaus,G.Wisner,S.Freisinger-Schadow,M.Schmidt,S.Böhm,andK.Dilger 227
DurabilitybyDesign:NewResultsonLoad-CarryingSiliconeBonding
..............................................................
A.Hagl 254
DevelopmentofNewTestMethodsandPerformance-BasedSpecifications
EvaluationofSiliconeSealantsatHighMovementRatesRelevanttoBombMitigating
WindowandCurtainwallDesign
..........................................
K.Yarosh,A.T.Wolf,andS.Sitte 277
QuantificationofEffectofEnforcedCyclicMovementandRegionalExposureFactors
onWeatherabilityofConstructionSealants
.........................................
N.Enomoto,A.Ito,andK.Tanaka 302
UsingRheologyTestMethodstoAssessDurabilityofCuredElastomersUndergoing
CyclicDeformation
.................................
G.V.Gordon,L.D.Lower,andL.D.Carbary 313
EffectofStrainontheModulusofSealantsExposedtotheOutdoors
...................................
C.C.White,D.Hunston,andK.TeanTan 328
DevelopmentofAcceleratedAgingTestMethodologyandSpecimenforBondedCFRP
Systems
..............................
J.Deng,J.E.Tanner,C.W.Dolan,andD.Mukai 342
WaterPenetrationofCladdingComponents—ResultsfromLaboratoryTestson
SimulatedSealedVerticalandHorizontalJointsofWallCladding
.................................
M.A.Lacasse,H.Miyauchi,andJ.Hiemstra 359
FieldExperiencewithSealedJointsandAdhesiveFixation
FieldPerformanceandAcceleratedWeatheringofHighPerformanceAcrylicand
PolyurethaneSealantsforTilt-UpApplications
.............................
V.Demarest,A.Liss,R.Queenan,andP.Gorman 391
.......................................................................
AuthorIndex 413
......................................................................
SubjectIndex 415
LABORATORY TESTING AND
SPECIALIZED OUTDOOR
EXPOSURE TESTING
ReprintedfromJAI,Vol.6,No.4
doi:10.1520/JAI101965
Availableonlineatwww.astm.org/JAI
Enrico Pozzi,1 Valerio Carcano,1 and Antonio Ausilio1
An Attempt at Finding a Correlation Between
Environmental and Accelerated RILEM
TC 139-DBS Weathering for One-Component
Polyurethane Sealants Applied on
Mortar
ABSTRACT:Twosetsofbuttjointtestspecimens(cid:1)ISO8339type(cid:2)withmor-
tar substrate (cid:1)ISO 13640, Method 1(cid:2) were prepared without primer using
eight one-component polyurethane sealants; four of low modulus (cid:1)LM(cid:2) type
showingamovementcapabilityof25%andfourofhighmodulus(cid:1)HM(cid:2)type
showing a movement capability of less than 12.5 % (cid:1)nomenclature HM ac-
cordingtoISO11600astheyshowasecantmodulus(cid:1)0.4MPaat23°Cand
(cid:1)0.6MPaat(cid:2)20°C,butthemovementcapabilityofthesesealantsdoesnot
complywithanyoftheHMclassesstatedbyISO11600(cid:2).Allspecimenswere
conditioned according to ISO 8339 Conditioning Method B. Afterwards the
specimens were divided into two sets: the first set was exposed for 24
months in static conditions to the outdoor environment in the urban area of
Milan, facing southeast at an angle of 45°. Periodically, i.e., every four
months, they were evaluated by visual inspection of their exposed surface.
Thesecondsetofjointswassubjectedtoacceleratedweatheringaccording
to RILEM TC 139 DBS in a light-exposure apparatus (cid:1)xenon-arc type(cid:2) with
water spray.At the end of each RILEM cycle (cid:1)eight weeks weathering plus
oneweekthermo-mechanicalcyclingaccordingtoISO9047(cid:2)thespecimens
were visually inspected. The authors found a good correlation between the
results obtained in outdoor exposure and those observed after the RILEM
durability cycling. In addition to tabulating the findings for crack density and
size,theresultsarealsopresentedasphotographicdocumentation.
Manuscript received June 24, 2008; accepted for publication February 24, 2009; pub-
lishedonlineApril2009.
1R&D Laboratories—MAPEI Spa Via Cafiero 22-20158, Milan, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]
Cite as: Pozzi, E., Carcano, V. and Ausilio, A., (cid:1)An Attempt at Finding a Correlation
Between Environmental and Accelerated RILEM TC 139-DBS Weathering for One-
Component Polyurethane Sealants Applied on Mortar,(cid:1) J. ASTM Intl., Vol. 6, No. 4.
doi:10.1520/JAI101965.
Copyright © 2009 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.
3
4 JAI•STP1514ONBUILDING/CONSTRUCTIONSEALANTSANDADHESIVES
KEYWORDS: RILEM TC 139 DBS, accelerated weathering, outdoor
exposure,correlation,polyurethane,sealants
Introduction
The durability test method elaborated by RILEM TC 139-DBS (cid:1)1(cid:2) is a
laboratory-based procedure that is meant to anticipate the weathering resis-
tance of sealants for high movement joints, especially curtain wall joints, such
as in anodized aluminum building façades.
Accordingtothe“SignificanceandUse”statementoftheTC139-DBSpro-
cedure“thecorrelationofthetestdataobtainedusingthisexperimentalproce-
dure with the behavior of a sealant subjected to actual weathering and service
conditions (cid:3)e.g., geographic locations, sealant orientation(cid:4) on a given building
isunknown.Theuseofthismethodasapredictoroftheservicelifeofasealed
joint for a given climate and location and on a given building has not been
demonstrated”… “The applicability of test data therefore will be at the discre-
tion of the users of this method and depends on their interpretation of the
movement and exposure conditions of a given job site situation” (cid:1)2,3(cid:2).
In fact, as far as we know, until now no correlation data have been pub-
lishedbetweentheRILEMtestandanykindofoutdoorexposure;however,itis
important for the user to know the predictive value of the method in order to
estimate the service life of a sealant in specific conditions.
Thepurposeofthisstudyistoverifythedegreeofcorrelationbetweenthe
accelerated RILEM test and outdoor degradation in static conditions carried
out in the urban area of Milan, Italy.
Wefocusedthestudyonone-componentelastomericpolyurethanesealants
sold for high and low movement construction joints on mortar or concrete
substrates, for instance, joints in precast wall panels, floors, parking decks,
balconies, etc.
Experimental Work
Two sets of butt joint test specimens (cid:3)ISO 8339 type (cid:1)4(cid:2)(cid:4) with mortar substrate
(cid:3)ISO 13640 Method 1 (cid:1)5(cid:2)(cid:4) were prepared without primer using eight one-
component polyurethane sealants: four of low modulus (cid:3)LM(cid:4) type showing a
movement capability of 25 % according to ISO 11600 (cid:1)6(cid:2) and four high modu-
lus (cid:3)HM(cid:4) sealants rated at a movement capability of less than 12.5 %.
Note that the nomenclature “HM” is used here in accordance with ISO
11600, class 25, as the secant moduli at 100 % extension of these sealants
exceed 0.4MPa at 23°C and 0.6MPa at 20°C; however, the movement capa-
bility of these sealants, as rated by their manufacturers, does not comply with
any of the classes stated in ISO 11600 (cid:3)M(cid:4).
TheseproductsaretodayprimarilyusedintheUnitedStatesandinEurope
aselastomericself-levelingorthixotropicsealantsandoftenthesuppliersclaim
to meet a movement capability of 12.5 % for them.
AsshowninTable1,SealantsNo.1,3,5,and7arelaboratoryprototypesor
standard commercial products provided by Mapei SpA; Sealants No. 2, 4, 6,
POZZIETAL.,doi:10.1520/JAI101965 5
TABLE1—Sealantsstudied(cid:1)M :Method1,smooth-surfacemortaraccordingtoISO13640
1
up:unprimed,notationaccordingtoISO11600(cid:2).
PU-1CConstructionSealants—TypeF(cid:3)ISO11600(cid:4)
Class:25LM—M up
1
TiO
2
Rheology Number IsocyanateType Presence
Thixotropic 1 aromatic Yes
2 aromatic Yes
Self-Leving 3 aromatic Yes
4 aromatic/aliphatic Yes
Class:NotClassified—(cid:3)lessthan12.5(cid:4)HM,M up
1
Rheology Number IsocyanateType TiO
2
Presence
Thixotropic 5 aromatic Yes
6 aromatic Yes
Self-Leveling 7 aromatic No
8 aromatic/aliphatic Yes
and 8 are frequently used competitive commercial European products. For
these competitive products the identification of the type of isocyanate was car-
riedoutbyInfrared(cid:3)IR(cid:4)andNuclearMagneticResonance(cid:3)NMR(cid:4)analysesand
theidentificationofTiO presencewascarriedoutbyX-rayfluorescenceanaly-
2
sis (cid:3)XRF(cid:4). All Mapei sealants contain light stabilizers and antioxidants.
Afirstsetoftestspecimens(cid:3)threeforeachtypeofsealant(cid:4)waspreparedin
the laboratory, without primer, and cured and conditioned for seven weeks
according to ISO 8339, Method B.
After the B cycle their tensile properties according to ISO 8339 are shown
in Table 2.
Afterwardsthespecimenswereexposedontheground,instaticconditions,
totheoutdoorenvironmentofthecenterofMilan,facingsoutheastatanangle
of 45° degrees for 24months (cid:3)the self-leveling sealants starting from March
2006, the thixotropic ones starting from September 2006(cid:4).
Figure 1 shows the average data of temperature, relative humidity, global
irradiation, and total precipitation recorded in the center of Milan during the
exposureperiodasrecordedattheMilanoDuomoMeteorologicalObservatory.
Everyfourmonthswetookaphotographofeachspecimeninanextended
state—in order to ease the detection of defects—and we visually inspected the
jointsfordefects—andadhesionlossaccordingtothecriteriasuggestedbythe
Recommendation of RILEM TC 190-SBJ: “Service life prediction of sealed
building and construction joints”—Document: SBJ N027 (cid:1)7(cid:2).
Thespecimenswereextendedby100%fortheLM25classsealantsandby
25%forthenotclassifiedHMsealantsrightbeforetakingthephotograph.This
is a more stringent inspection method than the one required in the RILEM
TC139-DBStestprotocol,whichonlyrequiresanextensionby25%fortheLM
25 class sealants.
A second set of test specimens, prepared and conditioned as the first set,
6 JAI•STP1514ONBUILDING/CONSTRUCTIONSEALANTSANDADHESIVES
TABLE2—TensilepropertiesofthesealantstestedaccordingtoISO8339.
PU-1CConstructionSealants—TypeF(cid:3)ISO11600(cid:4)
Class:25LM—M up
1
Thixotropic Thixotropic Self-Leveling Self-Leveling
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4
Max.tensile N/mm2 0.95 0.43 0.73 0.62
strength
Max.elongation % 350 495 503 681
100%modulus N/mm2 0.39 0.31 0.28 0.16
Class:NotClassified—(cid:3)lessthan12.5(cid:4)HM—M up
1
Thixotropic Thixotropic Self-Leveling Self-Leveling
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4
Max.tensile N/mm2 1.2 0.8 0.62 1.2
strength
Max.elongation % 134 60 100 410
100%modulus N/mm2 1.1 … 0.7 0.6
was statically exposed in a fully automated test chamber (cid:3)Type Atlas XC2020
Xenon Weather-Ometer, available from Atlas Material Testing Technology, Chi-
cago, IL 60613(cid:4) having a 6500Watt cooled xenon-arc lamp irradiating a total
exposureareaof6500cm2andwater-spraycapability.Thetestspecimenswere
exposed to three aging cycles consisting of an accelerated weathering period
and a mechanical movement exposure period. One accelerated weathering pe-
riod lasts eight weeks, as defined by the RILEM TC139-DBS protocol, and is
basedonrepeatingthefollowingcycle672times:102minutesdryperiodwith
lightirradiation(cid:3)65°C blackstandardthermometer,60%r.h.(cid:4)and18minutes
wetperiodwithlightirradiationandwaterspray.Aftereachacceleratedweath-
ering cycle, the joints were subjected for one week to thermo-mechanical cy-
cling(cid:3)twocyclesoflowtemperatureextensionandhightemperaturecompres-
sion according to ISO 9047, Section 8, Test Procedure, First Week (cid:1)8(cid:2)(cid:4). The
amplitudeofmechanicalcyclingwas±25% fortheLM25sealantsand±7.5%
for the not classified HM sealants.
After each ISO 9047 thermo-mechanical cycle we took a photograph (cid:3)5(cid:3)
magnified(cid:4)ofthetestspecimeninextension(cid:3)by100%fortheLM25andby25
%forthenonclassifiedHMsealants(cid:4)andwevisuallyinspectedthemfordefects
and adhesion loss according to the criteria suggested by the Recommendation
ofRILEMTC190-SBJ:“Service-lifepredictionofsealedbuildingandconstruc-
tion joints”—Document: SBJ N027—indicated in Table 3.
Results
ThephotographicdocumentationinFig.2(cid:3)a(cid:4)–2(cid:3)d(cid:4)andFig.3(cid:3)a(cid:4)–3(cid:3)d(cid:4)showsthe
comparative aging results after the first RILEM aging cycle and after twelve
months of outdoor exposure and the comparison between the appearance of
POZZIETAL.,doi:10.1520/JAI101965 7
FIG.1—Analysis of monthly mean temperature, relative humidity, global radiation,
andtotalprecipitation.
TABLE3—EvaluationcriteriaaccordingtoRILEMTC190-SBJ.
Rating QuantityofCracks Rating WidthofCraks
0 None,i.e.,nodetectivecracks 0 Notvisibleat10(cid:3) magnification
1 Veryfew,i.e.,somejustsignificant 1 Onlyvisibleundermagnification
cracks upto10(cid:3)
2 Few,i.e.,smallbut 2 Justvisiblewithnormal
significantamountofcracks vision
3 Moderate,i.e.,mediumamountof 3 Clearlyvisiblewithnormal
cracks vision
4 Considerable,i.e.,seriousamountof 4 Largecracksgenerallyupto1mm
cracks wide
5 Dense,i.e.,densepatternofcracks 5 Verylargecracksgenerallymore
than1mmwide