DTIC ADA549252: Efficacy of Commercial Mosquito Traps in Capturing Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Egypt

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by  Defense Technical Information Center

VECTOR-BORNEDISEASES,SURVEILLANCE,PREVENTION
Efficacy of Commercial Mosquito Traps in Capturing Phlebotomine
Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Egypt
D.F.HOEL,1D.L.KLINE,2J.A.HOGSETTE,2U.R.BERNIER,2S.S.EL-HOSSARY,3
H.A.HANAFI,3N.WATANY,3E.Y.FAWAZ,3B.D.FURMAN,3
P.J.OBENAUER,3ANDD.E.SZUMLAS4
J.Med.Entomol.47(6):1179Ð1184(2010);DOI:10.1603/ME10144
ABSTRACT Fourtypesofcommercialmosquitocontroltraps,theMosquitoMagnetPro(MMP),
theSentinel360(S360),theBG-Sentinel(BGS),andtheMega-CatchUltra(MCU),werecompared
withastandardCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)lighttrapforefÞcacyincollecting
phlebotominesandßies(Diptera:Psychodidae)inasmallfarmingvillageintheNileRiverValley10
kmnorthofAswan,Egypt.Eachtrapwasbaitedwitheithercarbondioxide(CO )fromcombustion
2
ofbutanegas(MMP),dryice(CDCandBGStraps),light(MCUandS360),ordryiceandlight
(CDC).TrapswererotatedthroughÞvesitesina5(cid:1)5Latinsquaredesign,repeatedfourtimesduring
theheightofthesandßyseason(June,August,andSeptember2007)atasitewhere94%ofsandßies
inpastcollectionswerePhlebotomuspapatasi(Scopoli).Atotalof6,440sandßieswascollected,of
which6,037(93.7%)wereP.papatasi.OftheCO -baitedtraps,theBGStrapcollectedtwiceasmany
2
P.papatasiastheMMPandCDClighttraps,andatleastthreetimesmoreP.papatasithanthelight-only
MCUandS360traps(P(cid:2)0.05).Meannumbers((cid:3)SE)ofP.papatasicapturedpertrapnightwere
asfollows:BGS142.1((cid:3)45.8)(cid:4)MMP56.8((cid:3)9.0)(cid:4)CDC52.3((cid:3)6.1)(cid:4)MCU38.2((cid:3)6.4)(cid:4)S360
12.6((cid:3)1.8).ResultsindicatethatseveraltypesofcommercialtrapsaresuitablesubstitutesfortheCDC
lighttrapinsandßysurveillanceprograms.
KEYWORDS baitedtrap,carbondioxide,BG-Sentineltrap,MosquitoMagnetProtrap,Phlebotomus
papatasi
Disease-carryingphlebotominesandßiescauseanes- (Coleman et al. 2006). Besides personal protective
timated 1.5 million new cases of human cutaneous measures (skin and clothing repellents, bed nets),
leishmaniasis annually (WHO 2000). In the Middle ultralowvolume(ULV)insecticideapplicationisthe
Eastern and North African desert environs, an esti- most common method used to control host-seeking
mated335,000casesofcutaneousleishmaniasisoccur adultsandßies.Unfortunately,controlattemptsusing
annually,andthisnumberislikelyanunderestimation. ULVatmilitarybasesinIraqwithlargesandßypop-
Cutaneousleishmaniasisinfectionratesareincreasing ulations have proven inadequate with adult sand ßy
throughmuchofthisregion,whichcurrentlyrepre- numbersreboundingquickly,sometimesinaslittleas
sents12%oftheglobalburden(WHO2007).Inthe 24h(Colemanetal.2006).
Middle East, phlebotomine sand ßy populations oc- Trap-outprogramstoreducebitingßypopulations
casionallyoccuringreatnumbers,resultinginbiting toatolerablelevelhaverecentlybeenexploredusing
pressures of (cid:4)1,000 bites per person per night commercial mosquito traps. Some success has been
achievedinIraqwithMosquitoMagnetPro(MMP)
Thisworkreportstheresultsofresearchonly.Mentionofapro- traps(Woodstream,Lititz,PA)placedalongthepe-
prietaryproductdoesnotconstituteanendorsementorarecom- rimeterofanIraqimilitarycamptoreducesandßy
mendationbytheUnitedStatesNavyorUnitedStatesDepartmentof populationsinsideandinterceptincomingßiesfrom
Agricultureforitsuse.
theoutside(M.C.Carder,personalcommunication).
1Correspondingauthor:MedicalEntomologyCollaborations,Navy
MarineCorpsPublicHealthCenterDetachment,UnitedStatesDe- AtBaladAirBase,Iraq,preventivemedicineperson-
partmentofAgricultureÐAgriculturalResearchService,Centerfor nelset50MMPtrapsfromAprilthroughNovember
Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd 2005tosupplementULVcontrolefforts.Thesetraps
Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608 (e-mail: [email protected],
collectedover600,000sandßiesduringthisseason,an
[email protected],[email protected]).
2UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureÐAgriculturalResearch extraordinarily high number compared with tradi-
Service,CenterforMedical,Agricultural,andVeterinaryEntomol- tional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
ogy,1600SW23rdDrive,Gainesville,FL32608. (CDC)-typelighttraps.Althoughtheimpactonadult
3UnitedStatesNavalMedicalResearchUnitNo.3,Cairo,Egypt.
sandßy-bitingactivitywasnotdetermined(Blowetal.
4CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,4770BufordHigh-
wayNE,MailStopF-22,Atlanta,GA30341-3724. 2007),thesepreliminaryresultssuggestedthatcom-
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1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED
2010 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2010 to 00-00-2010
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
Efficacy of Commercial Mosquito Traps in Capturing Phlebotomine
5b. GRANT NUMBER
Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Egypt
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Service REPORT NUMBER
(USDA/ARS),Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary
Entomology,1600 SW 23rd Dr,Gainesville,FL,32608
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT
Four types of commercial mosquito control traps, the Mosquito Magnet Pro (MMP) the Sentinel 360
(S360), the BG-Sentinel (BGS), and the Mega-Catch Ultra (MCU), were compared with a standard Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light trap for ef?acy in collecting phlebotomine sand ?es
(Diptera: Psychodidae) in a small farming village in the Nile River Valley 10 km north of Aswan, Egypt.
Each trap was baited with either carbon dioxide (CO2) from combustion of butane gas (MMP), dry ice
(CDC and BGS traps), light (MCU and S360), or dry ice and light (CDC). Traps were rotated through ?e
sites in a 55 Latin square design, repeated four times during the height of the sand ? season (June, August,
and September 2007) at a site where 94% of sand ?es in past collections were Phlebotomus papatasi
(Scopoli). A total of 6,440 sand ?es was collected, of which 6,037 (93.7%) were P. papatasi. Of the
CO2-baited traps, the BGS trap collected twice as many P. papatasi as theMMPandCDClight traps, and at
least three times more P. papatasi than the light-only MCU and S360 traps (P 0.05). Mean numbers (SE)
of P. papatasi captured per trap night were as follows: BGS 142.1 (45.8) MMP 56.8 (9.0) CDC 52.3
(6.1) MCU 38.2 (6.4) S360 12.6 (1.8). Results indicate that several types of commercial traps are
suitable substitutes for theCDC light trap in sand ? surveillance programs.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF
ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 6
unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR)
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
1180 JOURNALOFMEDICALENTOMOLOGY Vol.47,no.6
Fig.1. Trapstestedforsandßycapture(lefttoright):theMMP,theBGS,CDClighttrap,theMCU,andtheS360.
mercialmosquitotrapsmightbegoodcandidatesfor MaterialsandMethods
inclusionintointegratedsandßycontrolorsuppres-
StudyArea.TestingwasconductedinJune,August,
sion programs in desert settings. Also, these traps
andSeptember2007,inBahrifvillage,afarmingcom-
might be employed to provide superior surveillance
munityof500people10kmnorthofAswanontheeast
resultsinplaceofthetrapscommonlyusedforsand
bankoftheNileRiverinsouthernEgypt(Hogsetteetal.
ßysurveillance(i.e.,thestickytraporCDClighttrap).
2008).Dailytemperaturesrangedfrom24to43(cid:5)C,rel-
Commercialmosquitocontroltrapshavebeende-
ative humidity was typically (cid:2)20%, and there was no
veloped for the residential homeowner and have
rainfallduringthe3moofthestudy.Windspeedseldom
gained wide acceptance for use as tools to reduce
exceeds8km/hinBahrif,asthisvillageissituatedinthe
backyardmosquitopopulations(Dennettetal.2004,
NileRiverValley(cid:6)20mbelowthesurroundingdesert
Hoel et al. 2007a). These traps are powered by bat-
ßoor.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesNavalMedical
teries,electricityfrommainlinesources,orcombus-
ResearchUnitNo.3(NAMRU-3)haveusedBahrifasa
tible gases (propane or butane), and they can be
siteforentomologicalÞeldstudiesfor(cid:4)20yrbecauseof
baitedwithattractantssuchascoloredlight-emitting
itshighpopulationsofLeishmania-freePhlebotomuspa-
diodes(LEDs),incandescentlight,sound,heat,moist
patasiandtheeaseofvillageaccess(Beaversetal.2004,
air, visually contrasting features, carbon dioxide
Hoeletal.2007b).
(CO ),andodorssuchas1-octen-3-ol(octenol)and
2
L-lacticacid(Acreeetal.1968,Halletal.1984,Kline TrappingbeganinJunetocoincidewiththeinitial
1994,Ruedaetal.2001,Dekkeretal.2002,Bernieret peaksandßypopulationinAswanGovernorate(H.A.
al.2003,Hoeletal.2007a). HanaÞ, personal communication), and during the
Preliminary paired tests with MMP traps in the height of P. papatasi activity in southern Egypt (El
NorthernSinaiDesertofEgyptresultedintheMMP Saidetal.1985).Subsequentcollectionsweremadein
trapcapturing(cid:4)10(cid:1)moreßiesthanlighted,dryice- earlyandlateAugustandearlySeptember.Thefour
baitedCDClighttraps(D.E.Szumlas,unpublished commercial traps tested included the Mega-Catch
data).Thepurposeofthecurrentstudywastoassess (Ultra)Mosquito(MCU)trap(modelMCU-800,En-
whether each of four commercial mosquito traps virosafeTechnologies,Auckland,NewZealand),the
could catch a larger number and greater variety of BG-SentinelMosquito(BGS)trap(BioGentsAG,Re-
sandßiesthantheCDClighttrap,whichiscurrently gensburg, Germany), the Sentinel 360 Mosquito
usedinroutinesandßysurveillanceprograms(Alex- (S360) trap (Intermatic, Spring Grove, IL), and the
ander2000). MMPtrap(Fig.1).
November2010 HOELETAL.:SANDFLYCAPTUREINCOMMERCIALMOSQUITOTRAPS 1181
Trap Description. A model 512 downdraft CDC Because sand ßy host-seeking behavior in Egypt
lighttrap(JohnW.HockCompany,Gainesville,FL) occurs between sunset and sunrise, when the wind
equippedwithastandardCM-47incandescentlamp speed is low ((cid:1)3 km/h), traps were set 30Ð60 min
served as the control trap (Fig. 1). The trap was beforesunsetandcollectedthenextmorningwithin
shieldedwithablackplasticlidandthetrapopening 30minofsunrise.Morningtrapcollectionswereanes-
setto(cid:6)40cmabovegroundlevel,aheightadvanta- thetizedwithdryice,andspecimenswerestoredin
geousforsandßytrapping(Burkettetal.2007).The 70% ethyl alcohol until identiÞed to species at
trapwasbaitedwith2kgofdryiceonalltrapnights. NAMRU-3 in Cairo using the sand ßy keys of Lane
TheMCU(25cm(cid:1)25cm(cid:1)40cm)isablackplastic (1986).
mosquitotrap(3.4kg)poweredwithmainlineelec- The four commercial traps and the CO -baited
2
tricityora12Vbattery.FourLEDsmountedonthe CDC light trap were set in a 5 (cid:1) 5 Latin square-
insidetrapceilingrotatethroughfourcolorsoflight conÞgured experiment with each trap rotated once
(white,red,blue,andgreen),believedtobeattractive through each trapping site for a single night. Traps
tomostbitinginsects.Alow-intensity40Wblacklight weresetaminimumof30mapart,adjacenttoaline
(ultraviolet[UV])bulbservesasasecondvisualat- ofvillagehouseswheredomesticanimalswerekept.
tractant.Recommendedtrapheightis90cm;however, Site1wasananimalshelterbuiltintotheoutsidewall
we hung our trap with the bottom 10Ð15 cm above ofamudbrickhouse,andprotectedfromwind.Site
ground to accommodate the low-ßying habits of 2was(cid:6)30mnorthofsite1,atthebaseofsixdatepalms
desertsandßies(trapopeningwas35Ð40cmabove (Phoenixdactylifera)inaraised(1-m)rockterrace.
ground).Theoctenolstripsuppliedwiththetrapwas Testtrapsweresetatthebaseofthedatepalmsnext
notusedbecauseoctenolhasnotbeenshowntobe to the terrace stonewall (ground and low-set traps
attractivetoP.papatasiinEgypt(Beaversetal.2004). werehungoffthewallattheirappropriateheights).
TheMCUtrapwasnotbaitedwithdryice,although Site3waslocated30mnorthofsite2insidethesame
itcanbeusedwithdryiceorapulseregulator(vari- courtyard,andtrapsweresetinamannersimilarto
ablequantityslowCO gasreleasesystem). thoseatSite1.Site4wasnorthofsite3inasmaller
2
TheBGStrapwasdesignedtocatchAedes(Stego- courtyardconstructedofa2-mtallmudbrickwall
myia)mosquitoeswithoutCO asbait.Thisground- adjacent to a small vegetable garden. Site 5 was
2
mountedtrapstands40cmhigh(openingat40cmin (cid:6)100mtothenorthofsite4,locatedbetweenasmall
top center of trap) and 115 cm in circumference, irrigatedplotoflandandanopengarbagedump.The
weighs1.2kg,andresemblesafootstool.TheBGStrap entiretraplineextendedslightlyover200m.
waspoweredwitha12Vbatteryandwasbaitedwith Data Analysis. Sand ßy collections were analyzed
2kgofdryicepertrap.Thistrapdoesnotuselightas fortreatment(trapmodel),site,andtrialeffectsusing
anattractant. athree-wayanalysisofvariance(SASInstitute2001).
TheS360trapisamainline-poweredmosquitotrap The Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh multiple range test
thatusesincandescent,UV,andcoloredLEDsaslight was used to separate mean differences and, unless
attractants. Eight LEDs ßash two at a time through otherwisestated,signiÞcantdifferencesarebasedon
fourcolors(blue,green,orange,andviolet)atarate P(cid:2)0.05.Sandßycapturedataweretransformedwith
of(cid:6)1spercolor.Wedidnotsupplementthistrapwith log (n(cid:7)1)beforeanalysis,butactualnumbersare
10
dryicebecausetheinstructionmanualindicatesthat shownintextandtables.
CO isnotneeded.Thetrapismushroomshapedwith
2
a light-bearing head 135 cm in circumference sup-
Results
portedbyaplasticstand60cmincircumferenceand
105cmtall;thetrapopeningisat(cid:6)95cm.Itweighs Collectively,thetrapscapturedatotalof6,440phle-
5.5 kg and is intended to be set in one permanent botomine sand ßies comprising six species. The ma-
position, as the manufacturer recommends burying jority of these were P. papatasi (6,037, 93.7%) and
thetrapÕspowercord.Thistrapwaspoweredwitha Sergentomyia schwetzi (Adler, Theodor & Parrot)
12 V battery because of an inconsistent supply of (314,4.9%).Theremaining1.4%were48Sergentomyia
electricitytothevillage. palestinensis(Adler&Theodor),33Phlebotomusser-
Our MMP trap (American Biophysics Corp., East genti Parrot, seven S. tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor &
Greenwich,RI)wasmodiÞedbyAmericanBiophysics Lourie), and a single Sergentomyia clydei (Sinton),
tousebutanegas,whichiscommonlysoldinNorth noneofwhichwereincludedintheanalysisbecause
Africa(MMPssoldinNorthAmericaburnpropane). oftheirsmallnumbers.
TheMMPtrapisacounter-ßowgeometrytrapthat Themaineffectsmodelforallßieswashighlysig-
usesopposingaircurrentstotrapßyinginsects(Kline niÞcant (F (cid:8) 9.26; df (cid:8) 11, 99; P (cid:2) 0.0001), and
1999).Itisanupdrafttrapwiththeopening(cid:6)50cm signiÞcantdifferenceswereseenbetweentraptypes,
above ground. Butane is converted into CO , water trap site, and trial periods. The BGS trap collected
2
vapor,electricity,andheatthroughcatalyticcombus- almostasmanysandßiesastheotherfourtrapscom-
tion(Hoeletal.2007a).Enoughelectricityisgener- bined. The rank order of total catch size was BGS
ated from butane combustion to produce (cid:6)500 ml/ (2,973,46.2%)(cid:4)MMP(1,190,18.4%)(cid:4)CDC(1,164,
minCO .TheMMPismobile,butheavy(32kg),and 18%)(cid:4)MCU(832,13%)(cid:4)S360(281,4.4%).Themain
2
difÞcult to transport over uneven ground. This trap effectsmodelforP.papatasi,whichconsistedof93.7%
doesnotuselightasanattractant. ofthetotalcatch,mirroredthatoftheallßiesÞnding
1182 JOURNALOFMEDICALENTOMOLOGY Vol.47,no.6
Table1. Meannumbers(mean(cid:1)SE)ofsandflyspeciescapturedbyfivecommercialmosquitotrapsinBahrif,AswanGovernorate,
Egypt,inJune,August,andSeptember2007(n(cid:2)20trapnights)
Sandßyspecies BGStrap MMPtrap CDClighttrap MCUtrap S360trap
Phlebotomuspapatasi 142.0(cid:3)45.83a 56.7(cid:3)8.97ab 52.3(cid:3)6.14ab 38.2(cid:3)6.38b 12.6c(cid:3)1.84c
Sergentomyiaschwetzi 4.8(cid:3)1.72a 2.1(cid:3)0.45ab 5.0(cid:3)2.18a 3.1(cid:3)0.68a 0.6(cid:3)0.25b
P.sergentia 11 6 5 7 2
S.palestinensisa 23 4 12 7 2
S.tiberiadisa 2 2 1 2 0
S.clydeia 0 1 0 0 0
MeanswithinrowshavingthesameletterarenotsigniÞcantlydifferent(P(cid:2)0.05,Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welshmultiplerangetest(cid:9)SAS
Institute2001(cid:10)).
aTotalnumberofsandßiescollected,notlargeenoughforstatisticalanalysis.
(F(cid:8)10.55;df(cid:8)11,99;P(cid:2)0.001).Treatment,site,and (female), 401 (male) (61.7%); MCU, 503 (female),
trialperiodwereallsigniÞcant.OrderofrankforP. 260 (male) (65.9%); S360, 174 (female), 78 (male)
papatasi was BGS (2,841, 47.1%) (cid:4) MMP (1,135, (69.0%).
18.8%)(cid:4)CDC(1,046,17.3%)(cid:4)MCU(763,12.6%)(cid:4) Trapdiversity,ortheaveragenumberofsandßy
S360 (252, 4.2%). Trap means and standard errors speciespertrapoverthe20-nighttestperiod,wasas
((cid:3)SE) are given in Table 1 for P. papatasi and Ser- follows: BGS, 2.4; MMP, 2.2; CDC, 2.3; MCU, 2.4;
gentomyiaschwetzi,withtraptotalsfortheremaining S360,1.6.
fourspecies(notanalyzed).
AsshownbythehighstandarderrorsinTable1,the
Discussion
numbersofsandßiescollectedbetweensitesandover
timewerehighlyvariableforeachtypeoftrap.Even Humanlandingcollections,theCDClighttrap,and
thoughtheBGScaught2.5-foldand2.7-foldmoreP. thestickypapertraparethethreestandardsurveil-
papatasi than did the MMP and CDC traps, respec- lance techniques used to determine adult sand ßy
tively,therewerehighlysigniÞcanteffectsofsite(F(cid:8) densities(Killick-Kendrick1987,Daviesetal.1995).
7.28; df (cid:8) 4, 99; P (cid:8) 0.001) on trap catches, and Althoughhuman-landingcollectionsoftenattractthe
therefore,therewasnosigniÞcantdifferencebetween largest number of sand ßies of these three methods
thesemeans.ThemeannumbersofP.papatasicap- (HanaÞetal.2007),theycanalsobehighlyvariable,
tured by the BGS trap were, however, signiÞcantly andethicalquestionsariseascollectorsriskLeishma-
greater than those captured by the MCU and S360 niainfection.CDClightandstickypapertraptotals
traps(Table1). were consistently lower than human landing collec-
ThestandarderrorwasextremelylargefortheBGS tionsovera3-yrcollectingperiodintheNorthSinai
trap because of outliers in collection data (601 P. (HanaÞ et al. 2007). Several years later at this same
papatasi collected the night of 6 August, 711 on 26 site,MMPtrapsweresetwithin50moflightedCDC
August, and 409 on 31 August). These three large trapsandcaught(cid:6)900sandßiespernightascompared
collectionsweremadeatsite2atthebaseofsixdate with80Ð90sandßiespernightcaughtindryice-baited
palms.Inall,(cid:4)100ßieswerecapturedpernightduring CDC traps (D. E. Szumlas, unpublished data). The
10ofthe100trapnightsofthestudy,withtheBGStrap successoftheMMPtraprelativetotheCDClighttrap
accountingforÞvenights,theMMPtrapthreenights, and the large numbers of sand ßies captured at a
andtheCDClighttraptwonights. militarybaseinIraqwithMMPtraps(Blowetal.2007)
SiteproductivityprovedsigniÞcant(F(cid:8)7.28;df(cid:8) indicatethatcommercialmosquitotrapsmightserve
4, 99; P (cid:8) 0.001) for P. papatasi, with the largest effectivelyasanadultpopulationsuppressiondevice
numberofßiescollectedfromthetwopalmcluster inconjunctionwithothersandßycontrolmeasuresor
sites(2,660,44.1%;1,328,22.0%),accountingfortwo- asamoresensitivesurveillancetoolthanCDClight
thirds(66.1%)ofallP.papatasicollected.Themean traps.
numberofP.papatasicollectedatsite2wassigniÞ- WhereasCDCandothertypesoflighttrapstypi-
cantlygreaterthanallsitesexceptsite3,butitwasstill callyperformwellassandßysurveillancedevices,our
numericallytwiceasmanyßiesassite3.Thefewest resultsdemonstratedthattrapsbaitedwithCO catch
2
numberofP.papatasi(523)wastakenfromsite1,the higher numbers of sand ßies than traps baited with
animal shelter, most likely because sand ßies were only light; the two unlighted traps baited with CO
2
attractedtonearbyanimalsmorestronglythantothe (BGSandMMP)collectedtwo-thirdsofallP.papatasi
traps.Eightof10largetrapcollections(sandßycap- sampled(3,976).TheMCUandS360trapusingonly
ture(cid:4)100)wereobtainedfromsites2and3. lightasattractantcaughtsigniÞcantlyfeweradultP.
Traps caught approximately similar ratios of male papatasi (1,015) than did the CO -baited traps. The
2
andfemaleP.papatasi,withalltrapcollectionsranging S360trapproducedsimilartypesoflight(UV,LED)
from 59 to 69% female. Trap total by sex (and per- astheMCUtrap;however,theS360trapÕs95-cm-high
centagefemale)over20testnightspertrapwereas entrance may have been the reason for its smaller
follows: BGS, 1,689 (female), 1,152 (male) (59.5%); capturetotals.P.papatasiisaweakßyer((cid:2)2.5km/h,
MMP, 690 (female), 445 (male) (60.8%); CDC, 645 Killick-Kendricketal.1986)andtendstoßycloseto
November2010 HOELETAL.:SANDFLYCAPTUREINCOMMERCIALMOSQUITOTRAPS 1183
the ground. The MCU was not baited with CO (as commercial traps are as good in attracting the same
2
recommendedbytheinstructionmanual),sothatwe sandßyspeciescomplexastheCDClighttrap(2.3)
couldcomparelight-onlytoCO -baited-onlyeffects intheNileRiverValley.Similarityofthespeciescom-
2
oncapture.HadtheMCUtrapbeenbaitedwithCO , plexcapturedbyallfourtrapsensuresthatcollection
2
wesuspectourcatcheswouldhavebeenmuchhigher of the vector species, if attracted to traps, can be
becauseitstrapopeningwassetonly40cmabovethe capturedandthatdiseasethreatassessmentswillbe
ground. unbiasedregardlessofwhichtrapisinuse.
The BGS trap offers P. papatasi a large, visually Thesurprisinglyhighnumbersofsandßiescaught
attractive,unlightedtarget.Anadvantageofthistrap during our study at the date palm sites may be the
isthatitrestsdirectlyontheground,wheresandßies resultoftheabundanceofafavoredsugarsourcefor
arelikelytorestduringthedayandfromwherethey carbohydratemeals.Datesbeginripeninginlatesum-
begin to forage for blood meals during the night. mer,withharvesttakingplaceinSeptemberandearly
Hogsette et al. (2008) recovered adult male and fe- October. Sugar feeding in sand ßies is important to
male P. papatasi with a battery-powered backpack their survival and is necessary for Leishmania trans-
aspirator (model 1412, John W. Hock Company, mission (Young et al. 1980, Schlein and Jacobson
Gainesville,FL)frommudbrickspiled0.5mdeepon 1999). Date palms may also offer shade, higher hu-
thegroundinBahrif.Thelackofrodentburrowsin midity,potentialmoisturesourcesinleafaxils,good
Bahrif, which are commonly found in other P. pa- harborages at their leaf bases around the trunks, as
patasi-producing sites in Egypt (especially the Sinai well as by fallen leaves and branches covering the
desert),ledtoasearchforadultrestingsitesinand ground.
aroundmudbrickwalls,stables,garbagedumps,palm Aftercompletionofstudiestoassessthecorrelation
groves,andcropareasthroughoutthevillage.Adult betweensandßylandingratesandcommercialtrap
sand ßies resting in ground debris where humidity catchesoverarangeofsandßydensities,additional
levels,shelter,andshadearelikelymoreenticingthan studies can be conducted to determine how effec-
theaforementionedsitesprobablygavetheground- tively traps can be used to survey changes in the
mountedBGStrapanadvantageoverothertrapping density of biting sand ßies, and the extent to which
systems. thesetrapsmighteffectivelydecreasesandßypopu-
TheMMPtrapoffersseveralfeaturesthatappearto lationsthroughtime.Theresultsofthisstudysuggest
enhance sand ßy catches: a large visual target (trap thatBGSandMMPtrapsareworthusingassandßy
head); production of a warm and moist CO plume surveillancetoolsandmightbeusefulinanintegrated
2
directedtowardtheground(closetosandßyresting sandßycontrolprogram.
sites);anupdrafttrappingaircurrent,whichhasbeen
shown to be more effective than similar downdraft
traps(Muteroetal.1991,Burkettetal.2007);andthe Acknowledgments
useofpropaneorbutaneasanenergysource,enabling
WethankMariaBadraoftheUnitedStatesNavalMedical
continuoususe(24h/d)for3wk,usingastandard9-kg ResearchUnitNo.3forherassistancewithlogisticsforall
propanetank.TheMMPwastheonlytrapwetested personnelandmaterialspertainingtothisstudy,andtoEl-
thatcouldoperateunattendedfor3wk.Thiscapability Shaimaa Nour El-Din and Rania Kaldas for their help in
offersanimportantlogisticaladvantageinremoteÞeld processingandidentifyingsandßyspecimens.Thisworkwas
situations versus traps requiring daily battery ex- conductedconcurrentlywithotherDeployedWar-Fighter
changeandcharging. ProtectionResearchProgram-andMilitaryInfectiousDis-
easesResearchProgram-supportedprojectsand,assuch,was
ThesexratioofP.papatasiinalltrapsrangedfrom
madepossiblefromthesefundingsources.
59to69%female.ThesimilarityoffemaleP.papatasi
sexratiosbetweentheCDClighttrap(61.7%)andthe
twobestperformingcommercialtraps,theBGStrap ReferencesCited
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