DTIC ADA508298: Air and Space Power Journal. Volume 21, Number 1, Spring 2007

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Spring 2007 Volume XXI, No. 1 AFRP 10-1
Senior Leader Perspectives
Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Hon . Michael W . Wynne, Secretary of the Air Force
Effects-Based Operations: A Command Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lt Gen Robert J . Elder Jr ., USAF
Lean Uniforms: Cutting the “Waste” Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lt Gen Terry L . Gabreski, USAF
Maj Gen Loren M . Reno, USAF
Brig Gen Robert R . Allardice, USAF
Focus Area
Dominant Air, Space, and Cyberspace Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lt Col Paul D . Berg, USAF, Chief, Professional Journals
Features
Building a Second-Half Team: Securing Cultural Expertise
for the Battlespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Capt Scott E . McIntosh, USAF
An Untapped Resource for Stabilization and Reconstruction:
The United States Air Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Maj William Fischer, USAF
Transforming American Airlift: Effects-Based Mobility, the C-17, and
Global Maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Maj Ravi I . Chaudhary, USAF
Departments
Prelaunch Notes
Celebrating 60 Years of Excellence as a Professional Journal and
Introducing the Latest Chronicles Online Journal Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ricochets and Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Merge
Strategic Imperative: The Necessity for Values Operations as Opposed to
Information Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
COL William M . Darley, USA
The Long and Winding Road to Operationally Responsive Spacelift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Lt Col Stephen K . Remillard, USAF
Potential Air Force Shortfalls in Implementing the Defense Language
Transformation Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Col Stephen Schwalbe, PhD, USAF
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PIREPs
Cyberspace: The New Air and Space? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lt Col David A . Umphress, USAFR
Joint Close Air Support Transformed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Lt Col Richard Bohn, USAF
NOTAMs
New USAF Doctrine Publication: Air Force Doctrine Document 2-10,
Homeland Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Col John L . Conway III, USAF, Retired
Revised USAF Doctrine Publication: Air Force Doctrine Document 2-1.7,
Airspace Control in the Combat Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Lt Col Alexander M . Wathen, USAF, Retired
Back to the Future: USAF Special Operations School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Col John D . Jogerst, USAF
Vignette
The Doolittle Raid: A 65-Year Retrospective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Dr . Robert B . Kane, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Retired
Review Essay
Service before Self or Self-Service? Some Fodder for Your Reading on the
Professional Ethics of Air Warriors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Dr . David R . Mets
Book Reviews
Why Great Leaders Don’t Take Yes for an Answer: Managing for Conflict
and Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Michael A . Roberto
Reviewer: Brig Gen Duane Deal, USAF, Retired
Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan
Reviewer: Lt Col Mark A . Baird, USAF
Doolittle: Aerospace Visionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Dik Alan Daso
Reviewer: Dr . Robert B . Kane, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Retired
American Women and Flight since 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Deborah G . Douglas
Reviewer: Dr . David R . Mets
The Leadership Quotient: 12 Dimensions for Measuring and Improving Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Bill Service and Dave Arnott
Reviewer: Dr . Richard I . Lester
Hitler’s African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French
Soldiers in 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Raffael Scheck
Reviewer: Lt Col Robert F . Tate, USAFR
Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Michael R . Gordon and Bernard E . Trainor
Reviewer: Capt Brian D . Laslie, USAF
2007-1 contents.indd 2 1/26/07 8:36:06 AM
The Last Flight of Bomber 31: Harrowing Tales of American and Japanese
Pilots Who Fought in World War II’s Arctic Air Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Ralph Wetterhahn
Reviewer: Capt Gilles Van Nederveen, USAF, Retired
Ensayos sobre las Fuerzas Armadas de America Latina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Russell W . Ramsey
Reviewer: Lt Col Paul D . Berg, USAF
Y: The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Stephen P . Lambert
Reviewer: Col Mike Davis, USAF
Terrorist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
John Updike
Reviewer: Maj Roger Burdette, USAF
Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Robert A . Pape
Reviewer: Capt Jason Belcher, USAF
Fighting for Rights: Military Service and the Politics of Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Ronald R . Krebs
Reviewer: Richard Bailey, PhD
We Were One: Shoulder to Shoulder with the Marines Who Took Fallujah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Patrick K . O’Donnell
Reviewer: Dr . David A . Anderson, Lieutenant Colonel, USMC, Retired
Strikes: 323rd Bomb Group in World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Ross E . Harlan
Reviewer: Lt Col Lawrence M . Gatti, USAF
Mission Debrief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2007-1 contents.indd 3 1/26/07 8:36:06 AM
Air and Space Power Journal Board of Reviewers
Prof. Tami Davis Biddle Dr. Tom Keaney
US Army War College School of Advanced International Studies
Dr. Kendall K. Brown Johns Hopkins University
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Col Merrick E. Krause
Brig Gen Phillip D. Caine, USAF, Retired Director, National Defense University Press
Monument, Colorado Editor, Joint Force Quarterly
Col Steven D. Carey Col Chris J. Krisinger, USAF
USAF College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research The Pentagon
and Education Dr. Benjamin S. Lambeth
Dr. Clayton K. S. Chun RAND
US Army War College Lt Col David MacIsaac, USAF, Retired
Dr. Mark Clodfelter Montgomery, Alabama
National War College Dr. Karl P. Magyar
Dr. Conrad Crane Montgomery, Alabama
Director, US Army Military Studies Institute Col Edward Mann, USAF, Retired
Dr. Dik A. Daso Colorado Springs, Colorado
National Air and Space Museum
Mr. Brent Marley
Smithsonian Institution
USAF Air War College
Col Michael D. Davis
Col Phillip Meilinger, USAF, Retired
USAF College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research
Chicago, Illinois
and Education
Dr. Daniel Mortensen
Dr. William L. Dowdy
USAF College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research
Alabama State University
and Education
Col Dennis M. Drew, USAF, Retired
Dr. Richard R. Muller
USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies
USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies
Dr. Stephen Fought
Dr. Bruce T. Murphy
USAF Air War College
Air University
Col Richard L. Fullerton
Col Robert Owen, USAF, Retired
USAF Academy
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Col Thomas E. Griffith Jr., USAF
Col Bob Potter, USAF, Retired
National War College
USAF Public Affairs Center of Excellence
Col W. Michael Guillot, USAF
US Embassy, Paris, France Col Michael A. Stanley
USAF Air War College
Dr. John F. Guilmartin Jr.
Ohio State University Col Richard Szafranski, USAF, Retired
Toffler Associates
Dr. Grant T. Hammond
Center for Strategy and Technology Lt Col Edward B. Tomme, PhD, USAF, Retired
Air University Sci-Ops Consulting
Dr. Thomas Hughes Dr. Christopher H. Toner
USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies USAF Air Command and Staff College
Lt Col J. P. Hunerwadel, USAF, Retired Lt Col David A. Umphress, PhD, USAFR, Retired
USAF Doctrine Center Auburn University
Col Mark P. Jelonek, USAF Col Mark Wells, USAF
The Pentagon USAF Academy
Col John Jogerst, USAF Dr. Kenneth P. Werrell
Commandant, Air Force Special Operations School Christiansburg, Virginia
Mr. Charles Tustin Kamps Dr. Harold R. Winton
USAF Air Command and Staff College USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies

Board of Reviewers.indd 4 1/26/07 8:42:50 AM
APJ
Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace
Hon. MicHael W. Wynne, Secretary of tHe air force
Every minute of every day, Airmen in
the United States Air Force are flying
and fighting in cyberspace .

SLP-Wynne.indd 5 1/26/07 8:43:29 AM
  AIR & SPACE POWER JOURNAL SPRING 2007
recently, the chief of staff of the Air force
and i took steps to focus and accelerate Air
force efforts in cyberspace: updating the ser­
vice’s mission statement, standing up a Cyber­
space task force, and tasking major com­
mands to develop potential organizational
options up to and including an additional
major command. the Air force is particu­
larly dependent upon cyberspace and well
postured for the cyber battle. without domi­
nance in cyberspace, operations in the air
and space domains as well as those on land
and at sea remain at risk. the crux of the Air
force’s effort calls for combining the dispa­
rate though effective efforts of thousands of
Airmen who already contribute to cyberspace
operations into an organization that can de­
liver global effects, provide stewardship to
current cyberspace capability, and develop
new systems and approaches to deliver the
sovereign options requested.
Cyberspace
Secretary of the Air Force Michael W. Wynne
Just as water molecules and principles of
Consider the following hydrodynamics define the sea domain and just
as air molecules and principles of aerodynamics
scenarios:
define the air domain, so do the electromagnetic
• right now a terrorist lies on his belly in a spectrum (eMs) and associated electronics
dusty ditch. he holds a radio transmitter and energy propagation define cyberspace. this
that will detonate an improvised explo­ includes all signals that flow through the
sive device and kill Americans as they con­ eMs—those from cell phones, the internet,
voy across a stretch of broken asphalt. Air­ and remote-detonation devices. if it emits,
men in a secure facility just east of the transmits, or reflects, it uses cyberspace.
front range of the Colorado rockies input in september 200, the Joint Chiefs of staff
commands to global positioning system endorsed a definition of cyberspace as “a do­
(gPs) satellites to enable an f-1 to en­ main characterized by the use of electronics
gage the terrorist with precision-guided and the electromagnetic spectrum to store,
munitions. modify and exchange data via networked sys­
tems and associated physical infrastructures.”1
• right now a finance technician, sipping
the key point in the definition—the idea that
coffee in an internet cafe, is moving Us 
cyberspace includes the totality of the eMs—
dollars via a laptop computer to support
enables a more holistic approach to the cyber­
terrorist operations. Airmen in a network
space fight. for instance, efforts against an
operations center remotely reconfigure
enemy’s integrated Air defense system could
Air force computer systems worldwide to
include offensive and defensive as well as ki­
mitigate the internet computer attack.
netic and nonkinetic effects against the signals
Every minute of every day, Airmen in the United (radar and communications), nodes, and net­
States Air Force are flying and fighting in cyberspace. worked systems of the entire system—not just
SLP-Wynne.indd 6 1/26/07 8:43:30 AM
FLYING AND FIGHTING IN CYBERSPACE 
the communications or data-storage aspects. berspace superiority permits effective opera­
the Air force is the nation’s premier multi­ tions on land, at sea, and in air and space. we
dimensional maneuver force whose strategy must be prepared to defeat our enemies by us­
and tactics consider agility, reach, speed, ing combined arms—air, ground, sea, space,
stealth, payload, precision, and persistence to and cyber weapons systems. our nation de­
deliver global effects at the speed of sound pends on it.
and, with cyberspace capability, at the speed A great deal of our combat capability oper­
of light. this definition means that cyberspace ates in cyberspace: command and control
encompasses but is larger than the internet (C2) systems as well as the intelligence, sur­
because it also includes capabilities such as di­ veillance, and reconnaissance platforms that
rected energy, which exists in a part of the ensure battlefield awareness stand as just two
eMs  that lies outside the interconnected, examples of critical systems operating in cyber­
computer-based, global-information grid. space—and associatively at risk. we cannot al­
theAirforcecurrentlydominatesthespace low our adversaries, enticed by the low entry
domain to the extent that it even monitors cost and high payoff of gaining an advantage
and tracks thousands of pieces of space “junk.” in cyberspace, to operate freely there. the
Although foreign and commercial payloads pervasive nature of pro-jihad web sites repre­
exist in space, the Air force unquestionably sents a tangible and highly visible example of
gives the United states the ability to project how our adversaries use elements of cyber­
power through this domain. space against us.
furthermore, the Air force provides supe­
riority in the air domain in the place and du­
Air Force Efforts
ration of its choosing. true, various nations
claim sovereignty of airspace in close proximity in Cyberspace
to and over their territorial possessions, but
these boundaries are likely unenforceable in the Air force has a long history of fighting
the face of deliberate Air force actions. our in cyberspace. As operations in the eMs gained
service currently has the capability to deny use in importance, a range of cyberspace war fight­
of even foreign-national airspace for any speci­ ing emerged, from jamming radio frequencies,
fied time and place. to radio electronic combat (a russian deriva­
Cyberspace demands an effort comparable tive for electronic warfare), to C2 warfare, to
to the Air force’s global, strategic omnipres­ research in directed energy, to information-
ence in air and space, but today the service operations capabilities (including computer
can offer only limited options in that domain. attack and defense), and so forth. Although
Adversaries, be they nation-states or terrorists, all of the services invest substantially in cyber­
can effectively maneuver within cyberspace space capabilities, the Air force provides the
and therefore can find opportunities to ex­ preponderance of assets for the cyber battle.
ploit it. they can communicate globally with Unfortunately, a lack of focus of cyberspace
their agents, spread propaganda and solicit forces within the Air force enterprise has hin­
support worldwide, attack opponents’ cyber­ dered the service’s presentation of these assets
space presence (crashing servers and defacing to the joint war-fighting effort. whereas the
web sites), and even conduct tactical opera­ land and sea services have straightforward
tions that have kinetic effects, such as jam­ command relationships with their cyberspace
ming gPs frequencies or detonating impro­
vised explosive devices via remotely controlled
All aspects of air war will have
radio frequencies.
our nation’s neural network resides in cyber­ some equivalent role in cyber
space. As a highly technologically developed
war.
nation and group of armed forces, we cannot
afford to risk compromise of that network. Cy­
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