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CONTRACT NUMBER Guest editorial: Cryospheric science and engineering 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION US Army ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab,Terrestrial REPORT NUMBER and Cryospheric Science Branch,72 Lyme Road,Hanover,NH,03755 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 2 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ColdRegionsScienceandTechnology52(2008)99–100 www.elsevier.com/locate/coldregions Editorial Guest editorial: Cryospheric science and engineering indigenous and introduced microbial populations at the Keywords:Coldregions;Snow;Ice;Polarscience;Polarengineering; soilsurface and under a snow cover through the winter. Cryosphere;Cryospheric science; Cryospheric engineering; Sea ice; Somespecieswerefoundtoincreasesignificantlyundera Robot;Icecore;Soilfreeze–thaw snowcover,whileotherssurvivedthroughthewinterin endosporestate. This Special Issue of Cold Regions Science and All-season terrain mobility models are used by the Technology contains a sampling of papers that were Army and others to predict the influence of changing presented at the Cryospheric Science and Engineering weather, including snow conditions, on trafficability. SymposiumheldattheU.S.ArmyERDCColdRegions Melloh et al. describe a novel shaped-solution mathe- Research and Engineering Lab in Hanover, NH on 19 maticaltechniquethatprovidesforcontinuousmapping October 2006. The Symposium brought together cold ofsnowproperties,includingdepth,foravarietyofground regionsengineersandscientiststoshareresultsontopics covers,elevations,andterrainslopes.Whenemployedin spanning many cold regions issues. Some of the topics dynamic models driven by time-varying weather, this havebeenimportantendeavorsformanydecades.Other techniqueoffersanewmeansforobtainingrealisticsolu- topicsarenewareasarisingfrominnovationsinsensing tions in a computationally fast manner. Over-snow tra- andtechnologytoaddressissuesdrivenbyclimatechange verseshavelongbeenusedforscientificinvestigationsin and/ortheimpactofhumanactivityontheenvironment. the polar regions, yet only very recent developments in Themostdetailed naturally-archivedrecordsofenvi- cold regions engineering have made traversing attractive ronmentandclimatearefoundinicecoresdrilledinpolar as analternativeto aircraft forhauling heavy cargo long andhigh-altituderegions.Howdidicecoringscienceget distances across Antarctica and Greenland. Weale and itsstart?TheLangwaypaperprovidesadescriptionofthe Lever report on their innovations in cold regions engi- IGY-era activities and international development of the neering that make traversing a mode of choice for NSF earlypolaricecores. transportoffueltotheSouthPoleStation.Makingground- Snowcoverstheearth'ssurfaceextensivelybothinthe basedmeasurementsonthepolaricesheetsisanexpensive polarregionsandduringwinterintemperateareas,andits activity requiring extensive logistics and safety planning presencehasasignificantimpactonhumanactivityand forhumansonexpeditions.LeverandRaydocumentthe on modern technologies. Marshall and Koh provide an developmentofapolarrobotthatgeneratesitsownenergy overviewoffrequencymodulatedcontinuouswaveradars while en route (from sunlight) and will be able to make usedforsensingofsnowproperties.Thispaperdiscusses scientific measurements while traveling under its own the development and the diverse applications of these powerformonthsoverthepolaricesheets. radarsbysnowscientiststoinvestigatesnowpropertieson Freezingandthawingofsoilscanradicallychangesoil a variety of scales. In the acoustic domain, Albert et al. strengthinveryshortperiodsoftime, resulting inprob- describe the impact of a snow cover on atmospheric lemsforvehiclemovement.Shoopetal.presentamaterial acoustic wave propagation and the impact on acoustic modelforthawingsoilthatwasvalidatedfromextensive sensors.Theyalsodescribetheuseoftheacousticsignal test data for large strains on thaw weakened soil. They in determining properties such as an integrated snow illustratetheuseofthevalidatedmodelinfiniteelement depthovertensofmeterslaterallyalongthewavepropa- simulations of a rolling wheel on paved and unpaved gationpath.Snowfallalsoimpactslifeinthenear-surface roadssubjectunderfreeze–thawlayering. soil. In controlled outdoor testing, Reynolds and Ring- Seaiceisacomplexsystemofpiecesthatareinnon- elbergusemolecular-basedtaxonomicmethodstosample rigidcontinualmotionduetoforcingbywindsandocean 0165-232X/$-seefrontmatter©2008PublishedbyElsevierB.V. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.11.002 100 Editorial waves.Thomasetal.presentamethodforrenderinghigh coldregions science and engineering researchcontinues resolutionmotionfieldsofice,developmentofflowand tobeasimportanttodayasithasbeeninthepast.Wewish fracture patterns using synthetic aperture radar images, tothanktheauthorsfortheirexcellentcontributions,and facilitatingunderstandingforscienceapplicationsandfor we also thank the reviewers, who provided thorough, shipnavigation. helpful, and very timely reviews. We also thank Chief Freezingandthermalcyclingimpactmanyengineered Editor, Garry Timco, for his help and guidance through systemsinapplicationsontheEarthandbeyond.Ferrick thepublicationprocess. and others present results of investigations to determine the reduction in adhesion that resulted when ice phobic Mary R. Albert coatingswereappliedtotestcouponssimulatingthesur- Terrestrial and Cryospheric Science Branch, faceof the Space Shuttle. Incontrolledtesting theydis- US Army ERDC Cold Regions Research and covered the coatings, materials, application processes, Engineering Lab, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH, USA andmaterialpropertiesthatmostimpactadhesionforthis E-mail address: [email protected]. situation. Freezing also impacts application and effec- Corresponding author. Terrestrial and Cryospheric tivenessofdecontaminationproceduresforchemicaland Science Branch, US Army ERDC Cold Regions biological agents. Reynolds and others conducted labo- Research and Engineering Lab, 72 Lyme Road, ratory studies to investigate the efficacy of an emerging Hanover, NH, USA. decontamination solution against nerve agents. While freezinglimitedapplicationofthestandardformula,they Mary R. Albert developedanalternativeformulathatwasaseffectiveas Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, theoriginalbutwithgoodperformanceundersubfreezing NH, USA conditions. Continual,verycoldconditionsatthe South Polestationdemandstructureswhichlimittheinfiltration Cathleen A. Geiger of cold air into the buildings. Phetteplace and Weale Department of Geography, University of Delaware, present infrared imaging of the South Pole station Newark, DE, USA showing locations ofinfiltration, and theyalsomodeled heattransferwithinawallsectiontodetermineextentof freeze/thaw cycling of moisture in the walls that could 8 August 2007 leadtodelaminationofthewallmaterial. Impacts of cold processes affect natural and human activity in the polar regions, temperate regions, and in space.Theresultsinthisvolumerepresentasnapshotof someoftheissuesandsolutions.Whiletheapplicationsof science and engineering evolve over time, the need for