DTIC ADA429150: Fate of Ammonia in the Atmosphere - A Review for Applicability to Hazardous Releases

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by  Defense Technical Information Center

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DISTRIQUTION STATEMENT A.
Approved for Public Release:
Listribution Unlimited

Journal of
Hazardous
Materials

Review
Fate of ammonia in the atmosphere—
areview for applicability to hazardous releases

Sheryl H. Calidonna®, Michiel ¥, Tenley®™

‘ied ones Fr sama us

‘ean. Renard

‘The psc al eu chaise or fe semi oes fate sree ane He evel UT
wp ean mrtos Cla fg) outs a Ca acs. ah al poli ea a a Conse he

pup eres rea eu th tye. mis eau serbia oh Be aa
Td was aly i ee smn of samp Woke, wn hanes. The neon als rm
tm san coon ump cowl an ses sy hr sila rte en ange Soe
Thera re mavphee sly rime tla ROD Te cane Er sal on eh eal
‘ir ena geo SgpUsbl one cml rosa asco mae ec of ememihe oO
froved We apa high mene 000 Ras Er em Ma! He acne kw

Sal ited

gn ane np chr Ms

tron ast ste

1 Iaituetion ‘uncea in compute tchmloge all tse madelsc bo
fr incly ad Mees Hem pop compres, tus

‘te kng-sundng concen for poli sity i ee of
accidental reve fie troy comical lS
fs gma addon] toe rom eon fer oF en
ietanecks on chit ting he chemea weepotation
"Spar cts of aside o ion mace ree
of haerctoossmicsn we evince ies esc
the fat repanders be a seo ar of te spatial
tea fonpenl staan of else ore ebro de-
te popelition exnvation ren wl 80 pln eee

‘3 mer of itech wedle et ha dequstely
icone une dijeaion of a pare of Gemicale bed
fm peeing mturlgicalcnatons, tain posi,
Se pial propria of teased shee, Hasna

+ comand ane
[peo cme tetany OY Dal

=e man 9 Khe A ise

‘making thea rely we ew suo dang
tbe reapinie 4 ooensal incidents, Howove, tat rae
fenealy Ink an praniedecription af seca rane
{Somtions tht Fe leated cools wil undergo he
seo. Ae string pi vcore yr eit
etvinc, ee have prapied De sosiow of the present
vides of ammargherc reitons wanna, pase
recut enphasls on Bncics of the ectons ixoed
od in ionyng ising serene fora conquests
Fneoyeating of chtieal soucepbee behiier of
sonia se pert of a eae pate dein ode. Th
"Slot of emma stem fm Ws neni ras

tee widecpret asin reagan the ean Fa
(ea an esi ov, Telowing eid sow
OF te sgideun ley of Enoalodge on ae ator
Choisy oF sein ewe ell heed
foe ates! tnveaatona rq t genet the dat
fended form munis despite een! Be:

20050119 006
2 ad er ie i EH

taviteof hghenaceatadon plames of mmmenih e
snmsipher.

gwen cheney of araronia
2. Pirin of amtonia Ws aeons sobs

fe aqusonssluions. KB spi hoe an
unin bye ang (2
(Culltag HO 9 Na! + OR o
swith na ei const Ry = ATH x 19 Fa: 25°C
HED HN) Bg 2) copes he Best 4 oF the vals

‘EA deter! by Uses and Pichi over the O40"
‘espe ange FL

Ikea ngs

coor 8)

hoe tutu, 7 i Kelvin (FO == 275.5-+
SChThe pH ofthe ann sation sgl ions he
ecto estalng cgi 1. In sot of sn
is in zr or gueas slats a eae and alkane
the aig ene Sonat ae been mene ne
ete eld pletonit rene segue [3

{llgag + HO + NEY 40H",
bas =3 «10% | o

Nit 1 OKT > (Msg 4180,
a x10 Met @

se

In We aed PHL mage, smry tt racine tas wo
eremined xing taslear MUgReC aesUREE Wel
Sips EL

CoRags HF Dt,

fagy 2 e10M S

22, Solbtity of ammonia in agueoes stations

224. Selditiy pute water

‘auton renal gressie dae for NEL. mbee pure
sduss shione ae vate ote # wie range of tte
prot rd onsen A coupe eis a cr
alan of tke dat mis const n 2968 yd pals
ty Clegg a iblesombs 2

Otig + NIH ©
BMiiag | HO © Wiig FOU w

“The slut of weak lcolte such aa Han be
ene nbn ager a sclnian Slowey tome de
cinco, yielding tbe fllowingnqutons foe thermody
ni Her cotati alee any" mn ase
Eset senstet Ky fl

i

or ron
en

tons.) o

hee dees molt lke, the atl pute
(ac? denotes eae cocci, andy the cy
atwaue

‘Th detemne Heorg’s lav constant experimentally
spate oe neamuee the poral preset NE, ps.
(er the sli, ad he eed eonseon oa a
‘peso olen ULF Ny = yy. To conte Ry, De
retey of QHH)oq cast be ett on the sated
iar and Ky, spring apvoaate approximations fr he
{etry cootilems of especies intr, dependog ot
the clara of the sqaonas sohion sel. For es
ee slugger the acts coticents
be ascuied o be equ to 1. Mn Te fren
forthe value of Ky Fm ine Tranas cane expiced
by the efron in toe ees mae rhe elon 9
the acy eles The mast ent deena of

5) Gare sawontzed i Tote 1
"Theva of ie epated by Hales and Drewes 6] te

NUE aH, Foca 346! 46) ley bighes ton thse ot savesgat, 2 station

ces aR RoM Ee bees aL Reams

‘nid ei ome aise “a

Cee as gence, Bo is a

‘xc ad as) ase ste see
‘sculing most Wey fom poor somngement of temps
this changer ex ental fa the Sspcrmenal Nooo
ss acosed by Dasgupta and Doug [5], Ate aber ex
tre, Set af [9] ert lc th ae uch ote a
der researchers, Woon, ctr favenigurs nate te
fysteme ie subarea meng ane pres
fate ahave is ajwsoarsotuon. Si eta: ead w dope
"in Bw reer wh, feo ist aio
FRG “under te conditions of de drole expoent,
ve tela eth sac I
time degendeut. Thor values for Kr ae derive tom he
socde of kis e process and Bow the mis da
Hat sho saniican accra, parclaty ats bigh
dof heir expen race, Moreover, hey wel sn
txt exo Nd slion (HT 1) pe
feat laine pH daring ho caperimen. The whip 01
tffe of scr hydride, reper TU. waa ae
secouitasag an bipeoied uebedlogy teeing re
tide, Toe accra of the als for Ay rte ope
fo question. Ina lates no (17, the nhs recog the
sertoomingy of her al nd canted tho pot
‘los for jr 2819 To

‘Wie the exept othe too senlguons dicused
sue the eanaider of he investigation separ ales for
iu ae ohn lay thn TOG of eae or: Dasa nd
‘eng [) uted dl sluion scsoenin €.002-01 31) i
phosphite ellen (916 ED) the ati oetciet the
Somonisn fn eas clcneng the mel of Late
sae Dir 13) that anu for the ot of De orca
Ibo arength of toe ston ay enfin
(isa wa eae L-Band ta [7 3-anale he
ita of Van Krevelo et a: {14 wing hema aye
frosch where Us ssp pass cocSciea of mmonia
{he sob i ertirel fom the aco eoettent of ie
Viel equation of Ste for pore aes, Give hee
tively gh emoentatien anata ued and te very ow
valu fot He (1-744 10-* 225°C). hey need sr
‘a sain and wed 10) eat he acy
oofcient of aces amo

ye = 2A 41%

interest 1 is Feeafler aed io eslgnate NE,
i he aot octet fx unveil sms arn
is, fy tho Roky natin coefficea far ages
‘Erinomia, ad ne (the amlabtyuf serra in wat.

Tia Uw cewial ata of arctan eau
ous sluon and tthe zs phase urd meeting evapo
fresvne i watt ach smash tal tem pee
$e, Jadoo Be, (1)

»G2)-GP
Scie et

Sate for px amon, andi he pri mo vlan
oF nomi GD a 28°C)

i i+ Ban ay

Ihe eS oe. (1) 2 een i expernon
‘loc and plowed agiost my, Te tere vest vale
oF ny Ihe sop te al P2945

Clegg an Biseosrte [2 -nayzed the dof Coes
ta. 13), eghting Ihe eta of the bse te he
Tetunely cousutsd anunonin sotsions in pe water
ned by Chex, eal [15] eometdring Ie hw ala: A,
THs 20°94128°C;,

Tee values off sept hy tse tne la ise
tons ar ody eee ageeroent wi dase ceed
berg are Ie enegy ast ently da NBS dat)
‘Tesefor, wih a 108) uaxiowmacruacy nse ee
‘ts of thse investigation an gow een a en
‘Sven th Be of henedyarie eloodons,

‘Conering thu ne ited ppc, hig ca
roan ni, wl ele ogee with ear
‘Wim asst oentet ia drops ve memmend
tng the relaiouthip deelopad by Clegg aud BLiabk-
‘oue [2 becuse it devel un la bla 3k
Fgh moana of anmoni a pore wae,

222, Selby in nadicumponee aguecus soho

‘When tama ia sar a he erent, wl
invert nth wer saoocs soning signet a
tes of diol teases ei. yawater os endton
Srplce wh sslcd atmospiene poss. The st
‘of some wl ne nlcaced 3 tho pteeace of e
fdeaived ebm, To mon west he ee
tw compute the lbiy of ammonia ie oa comenret
queen sets,

Ne Sioned elie, ads eal. 7 ose thermody
tuum appro to ul the mii of anania Be
tee quoc slum and Ce gue pone an exe
prota eomulicon ford acu else of amenocla
Saunt slain ppsoned by E912

ro

‘whee w de Dege-Huckel prance (0381: 25°C),
Tie the canget of exon soe ane of emapeand 7
ths ine sengh of he stein (Em) te to bay
fneaetion ef: af cxnpanet ih esmponea ta
he aaity of component

hivexjmosion reste deviation femnco eal
dae payee imeicton fervent componente
‘aon

The fie sen eapesents tbe contd of ect
ete iteration betvernshinge ims, bed oa Debye
Tincel tery of oy Ele seve olution,

4+ Thesecond ein syrmaton nal heshon anges
tea ners haan ho componont ia het
mente Veni aa eran
2 snolecae nl pesos inractons alig-cut ete
2 4 Rca rat ara tne Moet ae

Et eT Be ra
ie ert oe
mee os om some

‘These imetastions cooley re dete cmpt-
aly ele a Ue pocediogsetion forte ase of
‘Moon in pre water ole. i sseeisolton of
moni a5 gle, da 2eoing the lester ie
cba, mmo terlyspie a 80m,
ths r= Py and Eg. (12) Sues to Eg, (0 Tis
pro was ond to deterine snrcaly te various ies
eto teint sopra fa Tables 2-4

"The eau fe tor mori arate ao srs in
Ep. {17) ose at fr ary hte wil 8
(1, ed wo obaracerize he digas of NH cers
(be ges ae nde aes actin,
y= Kew a,
‘wor yy tte mle Ftion of NM inthe gus Phase

‘Clge aid Beinbecoabe [2] wi He speach Rae
a ie sophia woddl of Per Te] callie
‘city onfcens ia a ave eecrolte salon osbg &
‘idl expansion of sem of concretion. Tho tetons
favatved we gis cope, prey Te Sonic spetee.
For aetnt spre ike ndiencled aman the ney
coctelencia ie ba. (1

tea Ame t 2) Pati ae
LD a

inocu

Nk to,
Nie.
Mor

nhire fi, i she aumeninemon imrtion prance
ef, ammmonivamiun Twaracon puouee, De
Ssnemonia-teta msleculenerntion ameter 9, 6
tmmmooinspeces ¢apecies} (ucetotea ltemct
faneter and ho salty pets

‘lege and lines [21 condnted an exe re
ew andanlis of he rte om Pe oly rabe-
isin vey of lost sous me denied
‘Soni alas fr vaio ratio tae. Tee S|
ucaoiies tele sal foe especie of test this
prot

sulle noth ale of fet hee
vo ivetigmions rein yood mera: OTST? Tals)
red (077 Cutie. In general, fc shan cht re
enoeoeod Gm, 1Stpethe)- the Use Yollss nee
Fh a he aged

‘Aihoogh tare cree. Da? appeach bas been
‘hind ecpeaedly © deste verity He tear a
fomgles elcinlyssliions such a exvate, tie, ed
Jnl ation, ue tere etal Be
telelity of ammonia conceaaed sl stun,

2.3, Uptte of gasmus amen ey wir nfces—mass
‘Shimer eoecen

22. Moding gae-tyuid beacons

Toe moro yap, SH tal] gave an exeleat p
ocncogidl deer oe intaracns baecn Bs
ul gu ith specie appiatin oor mamendwter
Fatenntion. Te yc ean sess fe deere a8 4
‘uence of te lloning ae

he ge meso ia angered eH ewer wn
aly by ila dos

«he gat melo stl hrs oT Tia I
‘Bevmy ncornevided as an asad arta pis,

1 Depuing om shred int ofthe yan forth ga
fd on the contoce atthe trier of He Ti be
Following akira epee occ
Ue ahr oes ca dso rm the urs aa
‘ea the gus pose!

the auvrhat cacle can tocoue dlaslo@ in the
Higid aod eget the tlk of the Baud by
uid place dies

1 the aor leone co es reve actin
‘sits we Rl such as nit, o inecrable eat-
Ton withthe tonto dialed specie Indasohion,

"he ower pees cao modeled wg an eee
sini amalogee where cic sop i analogs a cee
(eal estos, The measured pate of N02, Yea
{meray propor oe sen uf te esac wo
resoling ach lament step inthe proces, To develop
Inmate fo he Sel, he ling 9
cr a defined

eTrex mole sen he ice of he ig and i
staxnaly acest

ihe email he reiaance to pepo diese
semsfer Por droplet, fi valve ated slg the
uc Sagi 17 emalton

AL, 825 1 028%Kn
Tag ~ KL Koy

‘wher Ke i he Kaden str defied a8 6Dytdh Dy he
teepasediffsioaeeticen uf ans, de ete
‘Somer of he dope, and ee men Boa vos
‘amma be fos pve

"Themis ascomunadian coticent, eps Ue
rtf ata molecule seg tesco he gud
201 inf che Bul of tei pve nthe aren
bon ae aC, tection occur entering oe
To he igi ei Fron of te lsu
king he suru te asap coefcet 5) us he
‘faction of moles dein ste sudo. Colds
en of the sospntdeerting equa a entero
Fee

1 U4.

sce aot conte fort tong pret
thet ons for de yasag in Sltion of te adsibod
ttoerne ef he mae sean oe,
thas nut ea fe slug enero te

as,

as,

Chena rsstins a he imecies ope net chanel
Jornal fc aol gaps molecules i
(et rom he ms avon Gti, 9 hese
sesunos ase ascauted fy by paring 20 additonal
men, 17 pale Ti sf ops cots,
"ore proportion the tos he ate coms of ie
teins cosa a be ecice ove: ce zt constant

= Seliigy 008 rnctons i the tet of the fg ae
‘wuatly the mah emus ro deplee he inci fom.

dob moreno generate ease arth is
(aoe toacapt ganpharo moles, Te conesp
ingtoh opie evan, Pca ie acount th
fest on gar upe of Heay's no soli te chemical
resem le nde al of he ig, an the eitason
fSeocons of the species i he lui. thetic
tscrggon of ee pene wally compl abd
tf ited paca obi for mdeling pees.

“Themenscod up oF moms, yoo lege By

ie 1 L
Bat 3+ ics i)
By spplyce seempicin! tnshins such ae th
Thy Sila soo Ga (SI eae LP, 3
Ere gfsoatn dior etn ae ont or
Sn a onan fhe een elem
fn gross inp 07) sm spar and rss
Stace he ate othe sp oad the toe
tower ner goat ola

an

242, xarinenta tennis he wee
accommodation oan

he a decinaions of heme seeommcedtien
sient fr mcs were wade ality By means
{reaper as of amvreniar re and of bore
Hom bei acousSluions [+2 the canes
‘reine fe esptinonl J, Se ss seomadaton
‘cocbeiot steed an uae pares, sled
‘rthe daa. To toss experts, amgosia epoca ro
te shin ger with TCL ce NOSE ad psy ih
Eine theories The vale epoca aed he
‘heen 02 nd

‘Mare seer deterinations of hy Poche tal. 21),
Vong otal 221, and Shi st al 9), sede sane
common spe of easing te bcopvou sof ea
Foon ed ina car gos Sato 2 gid jet cf ono
ipod Kel of ches ce vetgaons me
1a Weasonable agree when ieences in terete
apd weauneient teats a Gfzo ino HONG #5
‘uso io Fig. 1. The sass accoaupstati confit
foorene a6 the Weanperaue decreases, fom 008 ot 00K,
03531 740K

2K Mevhanin of wean disolation Ue wer

“To acoouae fer dacrepanies between the Cash fee
nmgy ake from te enpere aspeascar? of Be
commuton ocelot of cere of lc an Ee
Utes fee egy of solvation caeuat! from tr come-
syonding terminate changes of eli and ag
Devito and eoverkers 2828) bs proposed ret
al for he wk of es mcclesby Lgl. The ee)
(mecca he rae etna Bn of &
‘eos gu lke te din ich elena iscenstiny
‘ering. nconing gan colocals pasa othe formation
fof molar elites Utne seve an gees
109

i Tce gens sn stan ck

“Wen te caster ets evieal Na, tie incorporated
inthe ball of the qui, tneky completing hes
recess and preventing dso of the mow lbs
ber mclecles, The change i Gis tee eergy eles
from the ynperiine dependence of Be acaranodation
‘oui ster tbe the ation energy i the
foram i the evil sae chee Tie del proves
‘Cetonal explaniton fora siprng seve uf ware
‘hungecofembapiesand eno forthe uptake ater
bof rape of slebale wih nearing Hyrepehii:

Desa (25) oso terperlae- and Shne-dpendene
sce aso tovements of sin sme 56
laos to devine he bec binding oes and
‘apetten mie of aimsni. The viles fe ena ad
strpy dtd fom hs equlibelun eaten esoreens
tae consitect with slmos full wae seen iit
[Bifacetonad ae, Ab info onions sng! hal
trove beam sll ua xo UC) oF wae
soln athe srtace, This empl species woul ven
even the "ic! utr” pened ia Davida aod
far wool be cuss tansfored to the Sok olution. Spee
troserpie amy hy Sina and Sh 24 nos
thar anesats ic bsrogen banded to ee at he ee,
tot dt aren fovea oath igen loses
pc is bonded tothe wnee'y OF grey espn a he
Ti rac,

"a subsegaat publica, Meth 27) umlsa
sarfae tension and Vapor equ at vee te
‘corpse rmge of sma ater secular ellos. Bebo
Sinolar fton of 0.5 for emia is rats are ct
‘Soe ih rds’ as and Wi te posted
lmvnitesiter slots, Above 03 ola ation uf a
sein abrapt ebaoge of behavior observed ht would
eee exe hy Be Feat of a ogolyer oF Ny
on the ages sot,

24, teractions of enna wide amoaphet water

santana tar a Ba
cet aay anaes
Ee!) ap

4 can icegl ant fof
Seta = ant (7

wher Cp: ee comccain of he nated gus a Ue
Arpt, ge the pill reser oe as. Ky te oval
tear vlety af tho gas ia tok gs eb Ul pase aed
(© ithe ose soln parameter

I the eate of annosaia thx assured an aceominode
tion cafe of 1nd by eomsteriny te aot |
"nn ae did Be wing pesto fro

oa ka(t rot Zt) us;

Teor e high elie of amvacnia in wate, dey
sssuiod that the nas erate in the ig we ach
Tate fn the an rae a hae and weed he
felling apprise equation Sr Fo

oy

‘whure Dis he dion coisa the ada ofthe oop.
‘Su the Sherword nomber (= + Oat SEO), Be de
Rytov ums, Sotho Shot umber (=), 200
the ineae vey a

Twsgratg Ey. 18 and sosing to bn thet,
reuited for Crm, create Fo a nial eanenutiog
[euch #8 fis conconzatcn Che Ey (2)

1 (B2) (See ee?
(Gag) ain stew
‘ng £29 and he apoio
sl ons (1D iw oh
wenn ofan arcu oe
tom
es ost ha te my el len.

10 than davai of doa cpm eo
‘hon eheine neti deter eg
"wasn opt eae sea, Ta
Sesame don cpt a een ne
te concen funni be bss te
‘Sut col bent rs non ce
‘Sviccohaites cs mg tema ser
Tero arent Dna
‘Sin ad tuple on
teat y Psd See aoc
Guten terns wrt ea ed
byl oe incase depen ate
retard hee A
Slope cyanate fh ne very tery bah
ti rc anal auras od lo

es
hewmen nce ine dope il be eqD
um wth te moo paral press ine iors a
ine el

ike Ugui water conta of te elon is knw, the
‘sonoraition of emma nthe Prope an be calelae
tolng te eetve ears loses Eg (19; 9g he
_lgaccim giver by Shirok a te Pro [2K

242, Belowcloud scceenging of mmo
or Be lager dap se chaacedete of rain sbowen,
sho mele dscussed ate presen ston ini that
te emai of sels intRe ep wok bre
smacked oquiriva Wh the emer in We sending
“tng by he ie he Urq nvache Ue round ASboe
TAD] dzetoped Bent igor del he ncn
seinengng mess. ewe eaecae the corseuvaton
‘of eramonia ne riabop ws uel ofl penn es
(1) Une of gaseous amano atthe drop auf an
berger sonar iii
(2) Change dg sans dust wat evaporation.

“Trou aleve the lg ofthe claw ass fom
dpi elelton a fanction of elatve boii und
tempertce a sro fevel ring Ba, 22

ow =eibd RHO oe

whens 21 9620-2 LOT) ¢, = -2254—13.<2TH0}
“Tul 5 the expert aero Level ay K. IO) the
‘lave noms argound ve i sd Ze gist et
‘of cloud bare in tes,

Ara alse Hess dlecution function fer reindeop
aise divibrenoser oer prBlshnl rite ee he
fatnwing reasons

4 Best's crttion tem a ge theses eneegig
tefiiont Since he model asics wo vetal pee of
(esr oh te op al he caleultd a=
fexpng eoofcient wilt leg thon he aeal seven
Sy ovticien Choi te aleslction at gies ie
lle etonte of toe tewanging ceicent eine
"eka vale closer aol lor under rel suo
hrc crn.

+ TheBstdiacioton io rprestontve of observe di
Toner 2 leer range ol ltesiy dan any
ter mal

‘Using tose assonpions, Asma died Eq, 23) 19 cok
ie te bella seengng eit hy

dysaP™ os
‘wher ie Ue sual atest grow evel mb's 2 a
[WoDe Caan ieee a 1 RID
yh by TAN ha bay + la RH)

ih te flowing ales

(4496 (0-9) — 01249 x 10H
1.496% 10°93 180)

ere cra)

Elna coengiageese omen (T = 786
pane a

iii many Geek) Ro
v ta
+ by 28217-2787 » 10-TLO),

TS eSOm x10 QAM OF:
2 tsp = O.016 > 1073} — 2.315 x 10-H TAO,
fo bao = GASB 10") — Gs «WW ATA.

“The ant of rum svenged by the influ
en hsealenlad wing he cnceatationof sacra he
fiz below the dl vlure of ainaphere afr Bye
fin, ao pind of Be aster noving the empene
Se eam apo eve

244 Vluion and applet of te models

(Compson of profi scavenging ofan ih
scavenging eoelfieetscalouued Toni cased concen
‘aon of nmania a anu bs bee ke Un st.
sng, Th wont elesine sedis Sperber and Hace (38
a Sboshock ad de Pena 2) fait ia ink between
smeasted scavenging spoils and he preipiadon io
temig, Bot prope osered a wie emp of sexe
odin, frie Lee Han 10-F 40x 10s Ip
Spertera sudy and fom 66 x 10 to HS x 1H
Jn Shiwbacs ay On Be porkie ade te woth
‘apecnenn] sale forme by Shick art le Pea,
Ta 10-4 leone oth saa vals fon be Speer
smal ume, 1210 5 mle deinun02%30™).
‘Mot ar ibe sa eange as rece pedied by Asma
ote (ite 6)

Distances hotneonoxpeinena and peice seus
cngingconicintca cna he dies a chon
Ing scouts expeientl detesninties dew

« Difcay rani moive Ue he sn en
‘waens normaly presenti the atmospe (te PP)

fo wlable ay of ili febweon anna
nos eignatng Som umnis and Sem scene
‘miu sn oleced hale.

+ Difbealy measuring scl coozeovatins ct aaveenim
“aleconaiing garscolate inthe stmosphe.

1 Dificatysepcrtog cintibndow ef eco and
Irlosestoud avenging tthe wal comemation of
tminiom see led rine

‘Th ewnlon of late fine mde sapeinsntld-
termiomins itil fo feet ant generalize. This
Pot anber asad Hy ths wide age of eneusions
eho by he reserchers eemaing he prope of the
‘oa annenia depcton consid by blow-claud sca
* Rn of ean es BI 0) 8

coping: Shick vel de eo 29) 10 Meszaros na
‘Seong [3 26.9455 ant An et a. [SF 19%.

Tr summaries Ara ode appar opie essere
‘oc for Blowout sever ad ean bowed ox
“severing of anima By indope ct give pov
[ive tempers no rele tris

2S. imtraction with he nave of Bde of water: "dre
‘posto on rer ake. and sen sapiree

25. Framework for ants

Dey din refes othe proeess by whic atm
shri pllaas are epee fom the ances ite
‘ot dean norco sith amosphericrosuresuc as
‘est poston: emia ty flo nd hoe oud sc
hging fog dog order. For watelue ges
“nnwonin dy drposton cer te sels of stu bases
tne tes, kes, 2) ropsets a parte! ee
thie fer vec for the tron

Te Bon of reovedermoca vera it race ra of
seier i given by Ea. 2

Ho Aleomlaet oy

‘shore [Chn the scent of sour the aia
En fr Nip, Iygie? = $8,Snmolm™> = 135ppbe
{rma = sanomate = 10 mod, Ya the ey dps
Selocgyia ms si darton of he cxat is, Fe ue
Df dapostod amonin in Kal Ae i ences
sense (=1079),

"The dy epocion vel tly an expan on of he
mas ue coefle ofanooan rom the or ot he
ftace poe. Two ger} appeals fave been used By
Shabinet al.) w+ adel dos mass exete proves

25... Apfiaine of the fs theory The Hm theory
ote th the oer an rer rete ges
{vor adn loca tee ieee or the Danley Taser
Ung whieh asion te ving fre Tt follow Ot
{Ge mn tamer coe rey propo he
Adina soefciet and to the tchmers of the Pmeny
uy Inthe en the are a etal body of wae,
she Dikooss of he booty Iyer sent to 9 hogs
cate, bythe wend sed. Sarl cpa eliashige
Setreen te muss tuner coelicer the end pd
Save rar deolopa foe Wacero1ble gps uch wa
‘mani, Buse om essen wae api
‘Thbedeewe [371 desea mae elemersry bo realvely
‘mpl ernest fr heres tanner eoeicecs fe
lanier aod for trblent fo eral revo of Oe
speach f peste a Shaki ets puper [6

2S.E2, Aegon of the vesicmce model. “The tale
tare mel thet wly ated ol fr aonzebede
fepeidon proses [36,38-A hy aliy mith slectcal
renin ie opin veloc, Ve ner BOP

1 su oh sane fn erie
1
ceri ot
tre ais Venecaynamis ete, Le zesaemor of
(earspor bough ee aboot sure Toys, the
"abee fr diucon eg guaran i ye in oo.
toe wil ths wai mufce, and Rah zesisence de $0
shysieabemia phenocens crv a he trace,
“The atonal reistanes, Ry depend 0 Wind Se
uocapeti li, an eice mgt. Types a
fs uted fiom the wind ogg, athe Tene
ght a ich the cameron ut ramen fs neared
{Sealy Ibe above the sfc), and fem che fivion
velit a

Re

% es

a eo

Seve sea-empicint express ve hase deta,
torneo fit Yel fom be roupaess az of
the suet if kronor rm Te sani devotion of
‘vein on Shainctl [ScTused dis previons apreieh
hat appeice best si for corporat Jo a spesan
tad The aroun ensance i tea ven by

5 fornia adasbeumog ies
aoe tematietmeies

oo

rhe oy dhe wind loin: 10m above th tae a
Deis he smd devin othe wine dosti sedans
"The bouedary ler reitanee Rb, a Caton
of he tgs dilfion cooficine Re emacna. D
(2.00% 10S! at 285, of ce nematic vey OF
tie (ea Lac 79a ae 2698), ad of he ition
‘acu and ca be ett! Bs tsing ae seer
fie ser erga ecletionsbipa, sch 6B, (28:

mG) om
see inte son Kars cnt (04) ab Pri the
earls of ur

In general Rey messmo eaperncntlly fom kos
‘ory expen os stale chambes

£252, Derrmintion ofthe depot veto

as nage apriehss have beet aed “2 measure the
epetogoelriy of sans see be uae af at
tio at

(1) Latontorydetraintior of Reh and exons
sed Ro at outed la he ocedlap ston 18)

(2) Field eseemerts uf smn cowptuad deen
tion over sxended pri of te [417

16) Field wenn using Wuer Stace Sunphe
(SS) and Kaie-dge Sure Satan (KS) 4c
wig 6.
eet ma fn SN GH A *

apt iy earns mee eto ern mmei en Ga ats (>
erefoctoaenoxnen Sues outa te
eons 3 fumes! 5 mt
Natal ois foe Bee ‘ ae
pect) 2 hema 6 he
Tees oa St

Lars ct [4] ve empl rests abled
fir or he deposition slay of pons oer saat
table.

“Alwcgh the resin Table 7 aos ts he laity
concen he valu pote are verger Of mene
twos wi age eaetcmesis weed wi hem, Wo
‘pura the range of hes quoted rec the uncer
‘tthe measures de rncply fescue of we
fang ery sal coacertttans of ancoei inter and
tonhe ck of cary diferettin elven anon and
oneness Fro prises whoa csolved wer
That ales so be pan ox der of magne a.

‘Shin et al. (96) copdacted extensive meoranen
nd soli fry depeniton fanmade ei, and
tole dnide over ser succes in Chica. Tey wed
flor meareraren ary peso ing Seog ec
‘hyn An aredsunoiealy designed Water Safa: Sot
reales te tl Tae Af the specie enshere we
siteadge Suropste Sure aannlr capes cay De
perottes fat este) sir aoa rng. The
age botworn tees fx mon ce ls a accra
emurenerl of th tne dy depen al 2 water sloe
[Be avch waren Tet combled deta for unsanit.
‘oi ae aca he olloing ode

Y= DOSE ~ a9 + U26E OS 9)
where B ie the supe difision woticont of ho

‘sterol gs real, an a isthe sid ord
{tn above te var irr: the stvaloen a Bo 935
‘eames sneale er Be exsespanding wasn te
errs nn found hve te etfect a 7. Comparison
(nih the actions af Tibedenns fn fer sll
Found hat THdenun's mel wwuostinates Wy ie
the pial wel basod oo teeter mol ene 8
ght oveceatiite V(r ale? Shin's APE

he vase gned Wy Ea, (29) Table #) sre gen
ral higher thr verge valu porn for sroeate
‘Tb 8 poet explo wool hela Shahi ctl
$e] ne foe wats tet WSS epparas hee a0.
is hood be exposed be more Sub an In oa
(ange,

25.4 Reconmendorione
he ary Aiton of anizonin over naka odie of
venerieHely oe Sucanr mec forthe emt

of amcnais fom te ang. The dita presented ia
fe preving soos hase eco dtesined for the ry
Iw concontaons oF annus noel psiat ie
ames a-Si To the cage of vere eo

Tea of lig aris fn sank ca- the encetation
‘tanmoaa inthe ie wil be several end of nagande
fot on imal qtesen inde nose The

ng ores and vate ing ses ee dry destin of
fanizonin ove wal suas Bll be det sot
Fin tne revaling under mers tng coedins
“Therefor, x revered Ua above expres
eevee to sence te depen vecss of igh
[epaue einen: oT anmouia oer bok feb water
Se Slated pease:

1 Dry deposition wf wnemonda over the vegetation
bs Mechanion of uptae of amano by plats

ny ein as anierrocees barby are
sins at raneport te ee Byxbee ale
‘rip se sme by adsorption <-rgion
tte aut nthe ce of gettin fe st ae
{Ger comptel by Fente arnt pant lite.
Fenentng ote conseatton of rman peg a
thr wtmopine, vegan an bo ber a sour or sve
Tee ammonia This vo-vy exchange nif amas Bese
‘gland tes be soo beter mer
‘pane ow years, rconng emir comeing 1
say rape nau palates

1 1980, Frgoar etal, (8) sorted owing ese
‘ution wou'd ens ammnnia Sn exposed wir wath
cemncentation of NH teow sue “comparaon pot
ete tthe pal yovaue of Hy in he subeerat
feavase, Sibenyoat sue cotinwnl existe of Bi
Crean fi ad found aloe ws he eae
neS-4 ig 2 OF6.5zh¢bo) 9 a mein wae bee
tosen LS abl 2 em" 2-2.b4ppb 5 94). Disinion
on be rae [57] huceeen sonal unt cmp compe
fi pons, The samt sore pot efor all?
tring adoption eraegh fe ates, he rte eae
fn de epsleris a plancvough obih escon xchange
‘with atmpahere herpes Cap coDpeAeaOD FNM
fools the petal exchange of amma enveen the