DTIC ADA422203: The International Development of Space and Its Impact on U.S. National Space Policy

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AIRPOWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The International Development of Space and
Its Impact on U.S. National Space Policy

Dale L. Hayden, Calonel, USAF

20040626 075

Research Paper 2004-01 DISTAVBUTION STATEUFAT &
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CADREFAR
Ditector, Auspower Resear’ Institute
401 Chsunsule Cizele

Mircell APH AL 36212-6428

Title of Papers The Intomacious. Develapnicnt ef Sek
Spave Poliey

id Js Ipc om U8, Nason

Author: Col Dle L, Hayden. Cal. USAF

Please ine the sca'e helow lr anewar Chase important questions,

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Pretuce

This paper wes open source dhcurrents le de-erming the current state of play in space
cperntions within che international commanily and lo prapene 4 viahle slrateyy United! Slates
policymakers can use to protect U.S, vitl uerests. It does not attampl io presetibe specific
‘actions, hut rulher ts suggest im Fight nf other alernatiess, ane thse provides the arestest long
tera benefit

T would Tike ug firg thank the United States Air Kosee for providica me the opportunity 1
conduce mny ressanch and develop a thesis ir the ucedemic. eavcronment of Harvard Liversiy
Second, 1 would like ro thank whe Weatherhead Center Jur Inlernational AMTeir, its directa,
Professor Jonge Duvaingeez, and in particular Dr. Kathleen Molony fos ther teeavering aupparl
and encourayerrun: Ghroughout thy azsderaio yoat, Finally, 1 woulc, ke to extend amy sincetest
appreciation to Mr. Doak TTakteal far his illingness fw assist a uou-teademician in defining
this paper's scope early inthe formative stages, his Suriéude through the sdicing provess, and his
never wavering cuthusiasun aud fier dship repardess of the ise at hand.
Frecutive Summary

Ln Septomber 1942, Presiden! John f, Kermsdy puoclaimed the ullincate goal of Arnerican
space exploracon was to pul a mac an the moon before the enel wf dust deeads, Inthe Karty yours
‘Sue chen, America rapidly moved fram space exploretian to spaee exploitaion. ead as th sal
tematning superpviver, the U.S. nus dominates space 2s it does the arcnus of world oomnuaies,
technology, and militery opplicativa. Today. space no lougsr retlecs the bipolar nauore of the
Cold War. Nations freshly emerging from tied wor'd status, aceh as North Rores, naw bave the
ability lp join the once elite cluh of space-tarirasnatiens, and U.S. polieymnakers ‘nose take into
accourt Bren apace race as hey develop future U.S. space palicy.

“The purpose of this paper is 10 prapase a means hy which pelieymalcens enc. bes! pmoteot
TES. national inlerests in light of the increased international development wf space. Jr des this
Dy addrossine tro assnes; why following « roultilteral. diplomatic and legal proach to
gonfrunting interssional space dewlopment is ths most leneficial steamgy 10 protecting
‘American national imersatss why plicyiakors will use mullareral engagement to resohve
“eontinnons spree development issues despite inclinations tv aut others

Before proposing # recemmend course of nelion, this paper will ft establish a femndation
tn which ai understanding of any thexis must be based, define the significance of space in
Todgy's glabal environment, anil detail hows space has bevome an inteeral part of beh national
curity and cconomis: vitality for developed and developing mations alike. 14 will then deseribe

11S. nations space policy ard how it has evalved over the past forty years, idee
space-fating natimns and ontling their capabilities, Cutare obicetives and stated sation space
policies, In delinesting the imemational develeponent of space, dhe papot draws a close
Connection hetween military Ueat and polilieal-economic cormpeition in space as reasons for
concer hy American poliey-makers,

the majoe

An an attempt lo deteresine ths hest appcoach, the paper cxausines four models that aro Lseful
sn pandulating fitare notions: technolagivel dannination, cultitale action, unilateral ection, and
aan analysis ef Ametioa az an ompire in the tven'y-Nrst cesmy. The review of rach medal
Jdenuifies historical sxamles aud driws relevant Somporinons ta space aperatiens. The paper
concludes with an analysiv of eack model ond deletonines why policyenakers will select a
‘mulilaezad approach as it bese protects U.S. national imerents,
‘Table of Contents

PREFACE,
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER |: INTRODUCHION

CCITAPTER 2: WHY IS SPACE IMPORTANT.

CIAPTDR 3: WITAT TS US, NAJIONAL SPACE POLICY!
Oxgantzation
Space Potioy

CHAPTER d; WHO ARE THE PLAYERS?
Rus
China,
Japan,
European Space Agency (HSA).
‘Tho Rest,

CIIAPTER S: WIV BE CONCFRKED?
Competition
Praliferation
Survet lane

CHAPTER 6: WHAT MODELS CAN BE USED!
‘Technological Damnation
Mahilateral Action
Unilueral Action,
American Tanpine
‘Tho Best Example

(CHAPTER 7: Hb MULUILATERAT. APPROACH,

‘Why 1.8, Pot icyapakers Should Follow a Multilateral Sppronch

Wy Policymeken Will Fallows Multateral Approach,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Chapter 1

Introduction
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preving the eenty-fimt cuntary, the United States dominates all other natioas in the
combined arcuss of tecuology. commerce, and mililary prosoys, Yori the years following the
“all af the Sovie: Cnjan, U.S, uational ences have struggled sith evelyping a viabic post-Cold
‘War strategy riot aclequstely adresses the desive far cantinuell Amerivun hegemony, ‘The
lecrorist ettacks af 11 Seplember 200) finther ecaphasizee the requirement (or w ness Amerigan
suatogy. The Sepwniter 2092 National Stuurily SHrvtegy was tke firs presidential paiey
Jocnment to address bath the posl-Coll War and pist-0:11 enviroment, and is ouly the frst of
many such decuments policymakers will draft Gut reflec! changed ‘nrexuational envivenmeat
One arca sireetly atfveted by this changing eatemalianal seene is tke area of space and space
opecations

‘The race for spaes bopem in eamest once tke Suviot Uniim lcnched Sputack en 4 October
1957. Since he Soviee Union's fall, the race is no Tongee a pair expression af the Celd War,
but haw develope ints» highly complex sc> of cclaionships ia which mullipte natims and
‘organizations across the lube srive lo slake on: thai position inthe heavens,

Annetican preeminenue in space is consistent wit its sopespower talus; no other ation oF
organization possesses the full array uf inletligence, survelanee, aad comnunications satelite:
indocs. Yet this supremacy also comes ata price, ux the Usited States is more depaudent on its
spave assels than amy ather vation. ‘The question CS. policymakers raust enswer in an ora of a
dcamaticaly altered Tantscape is what isthe hes approsch to en.ce navinal space interests are
proteeted. Lhey have mumezous muslels upon whic thsy can base timc actions. This paper
will sevice: Zour possible altematizes: technolagical dorninmce, mnktilatcralism, unilatetalisin,
and Amorias a an spire,

‘As during the Cold War, chat path potieynmikers Geeide wo seleet will reflect hw it euels in
‘wher infemational sitgatious, as space policy is only me reflection of the everall U.S. national
security simmegy. ffev cousideving all alternatives, the upproach They seleet sll cumphasize
Imuliteranlinn and interatiocal cooperation because tke alher optim sn untenable and
because the ow''aleral madel provides tho groarcat Jang-teria prospect Far pnstecting, U.S
national iter

US. Natiesel SECU Counc, the Aaronn! Si

rite Che, Ses 20

te ime of the Ltd Stats uf dnsvirs Neive
Chapter 2

Why Is Space Important?

‘Why ig ymmee importact to LS, national inorests? During the Cold War, the space cave
remsurtel 1 just national pede, but nafional sccurty. as well, 1a ehe 19603 Vice-President
Lydon B. Jonson stated, “Failure ip masler space mens being sovond best in every aspect, in
te crucial arena of cue Call War world. Th the eyes of he sor, first ix space tacans first
period: secon in space is seo i everyting.”

Tosh, xpaco wxpleralior has exon wider connotations. ‘Lhe Earapean Laian has assess he
nponance o'snave as foes "A worm of space is key Yo secess inthe work of modern
technology... The use of space has way peturated a Fels af seamomno, social aud enlurel
maanageniit to a degree that makes space Waly importa e dhe Furopeat Union. Tho aii
te sonia dvelap and use space intastrucurcs antanomously and competitively, ialading
zofleting ad ung da is chal a key prey fe Furope

Duving tho past fory yoets. space bax muvell from eaplination te publie end private
expleitetion; ia ather words, it has become a medium aoc what diferent tha the lund, sea or nit.
Gorin Aduuns, Director of Seeurity Policy Smndios at George Washuraion Lenvetsit, puts it
this way: "Space is np louger u frontier, used and oceupied solcly by govermmoets, From aa
savireumtcu in which only goverticents operated, largely for explonatiom and anilitery purpuses,
spoce haz rmpidly filed with assets used fur inelligence wad eillary uperatioes Uo cisions
emmunicalions, 1p observation and commerss. Today, moro launches are dedicated to
commercial punposes than tp miliary res,” The awlsers supper bis views, In the year 2000.
che commercia. space industry generated over S80 billion i worldwide revenue The gost
shar of this commercist market was in satelite services, or the use of silehies Gr deliver
lelephone, ‘elevision rab. data communications, rete scasing data qud goveramenr services,
accountieg fer 4.5 percent of wual commercial space revenues in 29)

Using space assets fas becocie an everyday eveul for the average American, rh as
television has peer the pest ify yoers, Whoa we mun on tke TY, we slyly expect the picuee
and sound ta be there: a one speaks wth avve ubow. hnwr tho video and audio. waves napear,
‘Muny: Arverisns ll sic choir cay by dving to work ia an auto ith a praphie digplay: Huot

“Wise Matalin,“ Col, USAF, Cat the US. Air Fnve Wesevntae Su
allegs: Manel AFR. A, 1998), 18.

TALHOA, Zena @ Biropeon Spee Pe
ipslemepaey svoormtpeser,

ondon Alay, Ried, oper by Licence Nerdor, Savsitefaagery Cans A dncrsin Ph

‘rane Canter on ths Unies Stes: CPF), Pais, Flee, and 22},

‘Sahn Ts Tiley, Cok USAL, A Sey of Ponce or Taam of War! Dealing with es Texel Coie i
‘Spe iranl Save Pore urna a 2003, 80

tar I. days, 11 Car, IISA, Unies are try Space:_ Ine the Poentytivet Cony, OS. aie Fe
nas farsi Sestete Stans WS Air Fase Beka, NBS Dasanons per 42, Sepebe: 202,
“upicts their present ection: droots them across town Tollaweing instritions ti 9 aredctenminstl
Gestation; stop to gas-up hy wsing a oredit card ot the pump: amd remove money from an
axwtomated bank teller mavhine feo their accouwal thee could be Fem a differen! bark ia anther
past oF the conniry. ‘They will think nolhing abet ths Lechnological wizardry, bux this el of
fransactions—localioa, dircstions, Tink co edit card and tanking acconnis-are sll ile
possible by insiantancous acess to nmaltigis wate Tie constellations, sumething we all whe tor
ranged, These and other saleite systems vam provide navigetion fn civilian aiclners, identify
Underground wator in sub-Sabaran Affivu, and mark the desiruction of the Avia: rain forosts,
fn addition to numerous other everpiuy necvices we have sll come to expect “tom a made
society, “The failure of a single sleliée in May 1998 disabled 80 poreent of che pegen in the
Unies! Slates, as well ns video feeds for euble and brosdeast vansmission, cred cant
ulhoricatiog networks, and eomporats cormnunication systems. TTthe Global Positioning System
GGPS), a malitsatallite constellaen originally assigned for military navigational sssistowee
were fo experience a major failure, stone srupt fre, amnbubmce and police operas aronnd
the world; cripple the global finance] nna hanking syatem; und could in the fuLue threaten ait
trafic contro. Spave, therefore wher we realize it oro, plays an icereasingly imaoreant role
in everyday lite

Poe evlutien of space from a feenticr to am apgeaing eoviranment with mullite wsers
raised new set of issues for American polioyroa%es.” Recognizing the importance al space to
TB. national inkereats, Congress chirlered a review of national security spice activities,
Released in May 2001, “Lhe Repoet of the Cominissiod co Sssras United States Notional
Sovuvity, Space Maragenient aad Cgenivation.” het known as the Spade Cormmissian Report,
Tivund that:

‘The security and eoonomis well-heing of the United States and its allies and
fonds depend on the nation’s ably to vperute successfully in spuee. ‘To be able
Invest to peace and stability in u distinetly different but still deagerons und
complex global eavironment, the U.S. aceds to rerin atthe forevtuml ia space.
technalagicalty ww operationally, ag we have in the air, on tand and af wa
Specifically, the TS. must bave the eapability to wie spure as au integral part of
its ability 10 muaange crises, deter contliots and if deterrence fitk, to prevail in
‘onllict,

‘he miflary tas Yong umdersinod the significant vf space. which is recognized as the
lime “righ ground” for militsey epecations. Save provides the oppottucity for surveillance
without the issnes nf aver Might, and insantancons cormmunications cepabity chat erates
‘amtnand amd eeril of forces asrosn the alabe, Sorrutary of the Air Force Dr. James G, Rohe
fated that, “Space capabilities im today's world are co longer nive-to-have, they've become

“toh Fagen, nc Say Wo to Sue Power” ISS:A8 i Sie Deon obne. Inert, Spying
001, evils from bmpreagcsuc!T Zn los. tn

‘San Ads arwatd: pop hy Lasonce Syn, Sane lagony Cont: Ae Aerioon Orn Tae
Fron Center ths Vnied Sats (CHD, Pas race, Mowe 00

the Cotnmiinen le Asse inte Ste National Soceity Space Nanggorer aul Orpsation, “The Repent
ot ie Cunninson to Aeves Led Sites Neel Secu, Sples Mirnamsnc and Crpmivaen” May 293,