DTIC ADA420294: Verification and Validation Final Report for Fire and Smoke Spread Modeling and Simulation Support of T-AKE Test and Evaluation

8.4 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

Naval Research Laboratory
Mashington De 205758320

NRLIMRV6190-04-9745

Verification and Validation Final Report
for Fire and Smoke Spread Modeling
and Simulation Support of T-AKE Test
and Evaluation

Pavauan A."Taran
‘Global Paperiess Sotetions
Alesana, YA

Enwann K, Binion:
Seax P, Host

ven Taaces
ssi L, Seanevey
Dine A. Were
Hughes Associees, It
Bulnore, 4D

Jean Haury
ows Focwee,
Fives W, Wises

Navy Technofape Center for Safty and Suesivabiiy
Chemisty Division

sy 20040225 100

‘Approved forpubis se; deton iui
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CONTENTS

Lo PURPOSE 1

2 TOOLS SUMMARY. wt

21 Tod He Sead Manolo \

22. Overiew. 2

23 mended rurpove 3

2A Tool model Accediting Orgunicatin 3

25° CRAST 3

251 Regul Operating Enviroumest 3

2552. Existing? eblished Documentalion 3

26 Heuristics and HEATING. 4

26.1 Reqired Operating Hovironmet 4

2.62 _Exisiing’Bublished Docnatenation a

2:7 Take Ship Dat So 4

A. RISK ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT SUMMARY. 4

31 Methongy 4

32 CAST 5

33° ABATING. 5

10 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 6

4.1 Methodology Lise in Platfoca Vulersbilty Asensment Reps (VARS) snes

ALL LHD 12 VAR 7

4.4.2 CYNEX}VAR, 7

4.2 Use in WET Predictions, K
424 EXOS8 CARON

422 kxUSS PETERSON §

44. CRAST Modcling for Navy Shipboard Flas §

$6 COMMENTS AND TROUBLE REPORTS, R

80 ALGORTHHIM REVIEW . 9

6.1 Methodology 9

62 CEAST : 1

621 Tiary ta

622 Validation of New Pienomena wn

G23, CEAST ee Maelo PONE) 2

63 HEATING. 8

7 VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION DESCRIPTION AND RESULTS. 8

TA Verifstion 8

TLL Methology B

712 CEAST a : B

713. HEATING. i

72, Validation. 4

Preceding Page s Blank
72.1 Mothodalegy. 4
322 CEAST. . 4
723 MBATING . . ne 16
80 VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION ADEQUACY. ro
9.0 REFERENCES. se aR
APPENDIX A VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF CONSOLIDATED FIRE AND
SMOKE TRANSPORT (CFAST), wer
APEKNDIXB A METIIODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING FIRE AND SMOKE SPREAD
FOLLOWING A WEAPON IT Rel
APPENDIX CHEATING REF A... ct
APPENDIX TITATING VALIDATION... : Dt
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION #INAL REPORT
FOR FIRE AND SMOKE SPREAD MODELING AND SIMUT-ATION SUPPORT
(O¥ DAKE TEST AND EVALUATION

10 FURPOSE

‘The Operational Requirements Document (ORD) for he Ausiliary Dey Catgo Cartier,
TAKE, designates survivability ws one uf the key performance parumnerers forthe ship. The
“okjestive rayuirenemts Tinkel wo this parameter are multifald, and inckide the following:

+ Built-in redundancy sa thata single equipment fairs or loss ill not deyrale ystern
‘capability. Reduridant system functions will be provided and willbe separated s0 asta
avoid dhe possiitity of taal system loss due toa single casualty,

‘+ Low expansion firefighting foam for fie protection of the helicopter dk ant hangar
‘and machinery space bilges,
‘+ Watcr-mist or oflsr USC epproved total Moodiag Fre suppression system for mat
spaces
+ Seawater
“These requirenents are carried into the System Speciticaton, which states tha the whip shall
meet the ahave firefighting requitements undor all loading conditions. J isthe iatention of the
TT-AKE Program ro use modeling ard sinmlation (M48) to certify that the sip meets these
requirements, ‘The pectic motheviology (too) that sell be used fo this effort consists of
feamhinalon of annie fire melting using Ure “Consolidated Model of Fixe Grevwtt anal
Smoke Trauspiat (CFAST), Veision 3.1.7" (Peacock, tal, Janvary 2000a; Peavack, eta
SJaauary 2000b} and preseciptive rules for i> sproad determined withthe finite difesence leat
Conduction model HEATING Version 7.3 (Rack, cls, March 2003), The objective ofthis
docuurent isto demonstrate th the methodology, imeluding supporting modsts, provide
reasonable and conservative results in the cantext of using for T-AKE Vulnoiabiity Assesement
Report

incry

sprinkler systems (wet ftemalinry sprinklers) for earge ordnance bls

2a TOOLS SUMMARY

2A ‘Tool/Mon

Fire Spread Mothodology

Describing the raethadolugy for predicting te and smoke spread requires an undarstaais
‘Fhe shipbonrl damage zones. ‘The zones are categorized in Bee ways

Primary Danwoge Area (P0A(#)) compartments: PDACT) compartmenrs are those dud incur
significant damage from
Stundpoit o Five and sunoke spicad, the vent-coanected spaces are incl

weapan hit (ea, failed declebulehrad ane shuck boting). From the
This is duoto the

rp aesvir ary 2008
fect that the vents provide a means the spreading fire and smoke diroctly as well ax supplying
ditional exygen forthe fies,

Adjacent to Frimery Jarnayse Area (APDA(T) carmparitvents: These comparatones share 8
commen hirmndiry (ocTs heal, overhead ur deck) with a PDAUS compartment, Tae
reccmmended Uefinition for firc and smoke sprsad for adjacent onmpartmenls, APDA(F),
excludes any compartments that huve vent apenings to the PDA(}.

Beyond Adjacenl fa Primary Danisoe Arca (BAPDA(E)) compartments: These
‘compartments border APDA(F) spaces, They can ho otherviie described as “tice removed"
fiom the EDA). Thote paces moy be a concein due to potential fxs spread later int the
vont. Tein typically assumed that thete are uo comnicable opening: (Le, vents, ducts, oped
doars or apen hatches) berwenn BAPDA(#) and APDA(F) spaces. This is bared ou the
asrumptian that ce ship is at general quarters prior W the weapon detonation.

‘The Methodology for predicting fire and smoke spread in a naval platform follows the steps
listed below. Steps (3)— (5) are described in lurther detail in the Appendices, as they constitute
the phenamenology that is izclndod inthe tools boing verified and validated,

Tstablish the primary damage

Review the primary damage fafation;

(ire and smuke spread) in the TDACE)}
(Chavacterize the secondary daraaye to PDA(T) spuces:

Characterize the secondlary damage to APDACP) and BAPDAGF)
eounparlmeats; and

Characterize the secondary arma

6 Dociment the time dependent sceondary Unmaye etimates in suapshat format

‘Steps 3 and 4 involve characterizing the seoondary dotnage inthe PDA‘) by two diffe
approaches: —CHAST fire model and preseriplive rules. Fur conservative estioares, the prodictod
tenability aud fire/smoke spre] are dicate] hy the wppavach that estimates che sharter tie saalo
{c«., more conservative) for progressive damage.

22 Overview

"The eurrent approwch Far the characterization of secondary damage assutisled witha weapon
Dit hus evuleed over several Total Ship Sorvivebility (TSS) und Bullle Damage Repair
‘Assesenistt (ADA) evaluations. The genesis of te curcent Mcthodatogy was rulimentary fre
Spread Ges, developed by che Naval Research laboratory (NRT? and Tughes Associates, lac.
based on USS Siark incident dota anal testing (SeWetTey, eral, Apdll 1992), ‘Ibis information
‘was implemented jn a TSS madel developed by the Naval Surface Wurfore Comer, Cankerock
Division (NSWCICD). The fic spread methodolegy wos subseqently improved and the
ltwmeworle was expauded to allow for smoke spread during the evaluation petfoueed for che
EPD-17 VAR 2,(Whits, etal, Sopteraber 1997). Most recently, che methodology was further
relined during the CVNX assessment (Hack, ef al, April 2002). This report reflets the mest
‘current othodology used for the CVNX assessment und fbr the VAR 3 process for de LPD-17
‘lalform detail design. This approach is proposed co be adopted tor T-AKE,

23 Intended Purpose

‘The vulnerability ussassment process Gat uses this methodology includes the simulation of
weapon damage, churaeterization of secundary damage (eg, fite ad smoke), and description of
‘he bale damage repair activities and effectiveness. ‘These activities are generally efeared to a5
# TSS und Batlle Numage Repair Aswessment BORA. The overall objective of the TSS/BDRA is
lo identify specific weaknesses and/or shortcomings as Well a high payoff research and
development efforts that exight increase the sorvivability ofthe puricular whip platform. The
‘arent TSS'RNRA proces, invalves consideration of various weapon hits. For eneh specific
‘cape threat s2eoari (aot Tine), Che initial damage i identified by uiizing blast damage
‘model. Secondary damage, such as fire and smoke spread that resuits ftom the blast damage,
must also be characterized, The Methodology described in this dacument concentrates an Ure
fre and smoke spre! methadokigy only. 8 Tramework is aullined by which a nonservatise

estimate af The secondary Tite and Smoke damage ea be descimtined, supported by suppfemiental
ve test daca fio curtent and provions toss,

24 Tool/Model Accedtiting Organization.

PRO Ships, PMS 2268 (TART. Prugram O/fce} 80M Stret, Suite 610 Washington,
e2n003,

25 CAST

24.1 Required Operating Environment

(CEAST will ean on 2 386 of later IBM. compatible PC swith ac least MR free extended

sncutory, at least VGA, corapatible video card aad a 100% MS-MS campauible rane

25.2 Existing’Published Documentation

An extunsive list of references iy povided atthe end uf Dis document (Section 4.0
References) and is eviewesl in dell a Appendix A
2.4 Heoristics and HEATING
26.1 Requited Opctating Hovironmout

‘The minimal cavirocment for running HEATING is a computer syatern with a FORTRAN 90
compiler and a text ecitor, This sulfiecs tn create the executables and the input tes. HEATING
Jas typ main formats for data output: an ASCII ile for results at user-spceifiod nodes and a
binary fle for field data. The most expedient environment for post-processing the subsequers
resutts would bo any systom that rans Tecp,u camunercial scientilic plotting wel sald by
Amtec, Tne, Tlawever, the hte: FORTRAN code that comes with EATING cau be used on
any syatert with a FORTRAN 90 compitr,a text oditor, and a scientific ploter to visualize the
results, The process outils employing h7tes to extract dala fram HEATING: binary datafile
‘and then oditing the resulting ASCII lets) te mawh a apacific graphing progranys requirements,
BEATING 73 oomes with Windlows-compulible executables of the main sinulacion pfs afl the
supporting programs (such a bec), Again, the reseltant data is best plowted with Tecplot bur it
is also possible to use hice to extrast the field data and Wordad to eit itso that another
‘Windows-based plotter cuul he uGlivit. Node dala can be easily ploued with Excel. The
operating envirynments sed lor the preset verification are detailed in Appendix C. Tbe
houristus drivel finn tent data do nol ceqaire a model shell or computer framework per so

2.62. Hxistine/Published Documentition

‘An extensive list of referonoss is provided at dhe end of this document (Section 9.0 -
References). The desivation ofthe fre spread rules (hewsistics) is described in Seetiou 4.0 and
‘Appendix B. A review of HEATING is provided in Appendices C ard.

2.7 Take Sip Data Set

“the TAKE Genccal Arrangement goal Ventilation drawings will be uscd for the Ship data set
‘whan the aosreltafion fir the Vuloerubility Assessment is accomplished. For this Validation
‘experimental data front the EX-USS Shadivell was used to validate volumetrie dala,

2.0 RISK ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT SUMMARY

34 Methadology

tthe Methodology deseribed in this report outlines the framework through which a
vamervative entitle af Unc secondary fire and smcke damage can be establish. Fire woay
spicad to conparments within the PDA(T) via either hot gases passing through an opcn veut oF
heating ofan intact boundary (bulldiead or deck). In this situation, fires resulting, rom the
‘weupon detonation ia che immediate vicinity of the burst paint would spreal to olher
‘compartments wishin the PACH, Hoth mades of fre spread are exaroined when evaluating fre
spread to thesc PDA(P) comparinents in delermicie which made results in a faster (more
Conservative) fire spread time.

32 CRAST.

‘ithe fs node of spa, the tmperature() af ha gases ate determined using CFAS
asc onthe review of several potensal ignition seenaiog, tis conservatively assumed thal
Juniton via hoe gases wl occ in a PDA(# compartment win te accumulated fre eae
termpecaenes reach 230°C (446°) in that adjarent space (Back, eal, Pebncary 2000; Naval
Ships” Tecunial Maaval, Doe 2601; Sechkin, 1949; Darwin, et a, 1994; Drysdse, 1999)

‘CAS was designed to exconte very quickly fin real-tina, or ghicher) on affordable desktop
feamputers. In addition, twas intended to be relatively simpls to use, which makes the model
aceessible to usars (sno as ship architects and shipboard damage cantral personne) who are not
exporiouced fire radclers. Tn order ip mee these requirements, he CFAST developers anade
certain siaplifying assumptions (in addition to ease which afc inbcrent in zone maces)
regarding the rage of phenomena al fhe types uPsuenarins that could he merdsled. tan,
those assumptiors led to Fitations on the scope of the probes which cas be modeled, the case
‘with which they ean be modele ard the avewracy of the results. ‘these limitations can be
‘hamaclerized a inherent (dings whch CKASIL is not capable of doing}, or practi (hiss
‘which sequite« prior? knowledge which i not likely ta he availuhle oF which require too much
timo and effort to be fesse), Inherent linitatons include inability of objects ro solfheat bosed
‘on heat transfer and spemtaneously iit Practica imitations incinde inabitity 1o predict
Dhenomena such as time-dependent solid phase combustion of Class A fucls

‘The Fievitations in Table 1 ware identified in Hover ct at, June 2000, using CAST
‘Veasion 3.14 {with improved radiation, vertical vnt flow and vertical heat canaport algorituus)
Ono ofthe most restrictive limituions of CEAST isthe requirement that “intelligent” inpet
rraructers he wed ia eu dhe cade. This imposes estietions on what cau be modeled ana
‘shat apprositnatinns mus! seaetines be made to eucuarvent these limits

33° HEATING

In the sevond made of evaluation for fee spucad, the preseriptive rules used in eanjunetion
‘with the finite element mindel (JEATTING ate not plagued with the numerous limitations inherent
jn computer madels. Lleace, this part ofthe eualysis provities for vonservalive estimates of fe
spread to APDAGF) spaces and BAFDA(F) spaves, which mnderates Une variability that can
‘cour it the results ftom the use of computer modeling any (paniculaely for CHAS), ‘The use
af there prescriptive rules is convervalive sinve i is assumed tat chav isan unlimited amour of
fel and sir available in cach campartoent. To che event chat there isa small amount of fuel in
the compartment. or th: eannparknent is closed, fe specad may be delayed of may not occur al
all, The combination of the computer fire model and prescriptive rules provides an inherent

safety factor in the Methoilology.

‘Table 1 - Mensifid Linvations OTCFAST

Limitation

‘Only one intemal ambient sate is permitted

Compartncats mst be rectitinew.

Ceiling, floor and walls are each Tnsited 0a
sdngle st of thermo-physical properties.

Compartnuents have ouly one wrap-around
‘call, not idividuat surfaces.

User-pecficd fre hisiries are cequited.

CAST docs not sesount for the vatiability of
five chemistry with pyrolysis and combustion

ay

Effects

‘May lead o minor ecrors in predictions if there
are darge initial ternperatae differences among,
‘he exnnparimants,

Heat transfer via vondaction and radiation will
rot he correct for surfaces which ure nat
rectangular. Approximation mettods tar
‘minimize this imitstion are provided in Hoover
etal, 2000

‘Approximations must be made ifthe veiling,
Floor or wills ure composed of multiple regime
Fuving diferent properties,

May load to signiicunt errors if there are targe
differences inthe properties wf walls. Woo
fround methods have been devised in Hopver et
a, 2000,

‘The user must know (or be able to weuurately
estimate), in advance, the developaent of the
tice,

(Gowad subject mater expons Shaul estar
user-specified heat reloase rates xo reasonable
pyrolysis and combustion preluct
‘eonvanteations will be predicted.

STIMMARY OF PREVIOUS DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS

“the Mothodolngy described inthis report bas been successfilly used in omer Navy damage
controle protection applications, Additionally, clements of the Methodology, in partivular
CAST, have boen used to analyzc unique Navy situations. Specifically, the techniques have
beca used for abroad range of problem encountesed in Fie Havard Analyses (MBAS), This
‘section Irielly describes these applications.