DTIC ADA376610: The World Factbook 1999

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by  Defense Technical Information Center

World
Factbook
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Central
Intelligence
Agency
The
World
Factbook
1999
In general, information available as of 1 January
1999 was used in the preparation of this edition.
The World Factbook is prepared by the Central
Intelligence Agency for the use of US Government
officials, and the style, format, coverage, and
content are designed to meet their specific
requirements. Information is provided by the Bureau
of the Census (Department of Commerce), Bureau
of Labor Statistics (Department of Labor), Central
Intelligence Agency, Council of Managers of
National Antarctic Programs, Defense Intelligence
Agency (Department of Defense), Defense Threat
Reduction Agency (Department of Defense),
Department of State, Fish and Wildlife Service
(Department of the Interior), Maritime Administration
(Department of Transportation), National Imagery
and Mapping Agency (Department of Defense),
Antarctic Information Program (National Science
Foundation), Naval Facilities Engineering
Command (Department of Defense), Office of
Insular Affairs (Department of the Interior), Office of
Naval Intelligence (Department of Defense), US
Board on Geographic Names (Department of the
Interior), and other public and private sources.
The Factbook is in the public domain. Accordingly, it
may be copied freely without permission of the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The official seal
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Comments and queries are welcome and may be
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A Brief History of Basic Intelligence and
The World Factbook
The Intelligence Cycle is the process by which information the first interdepartmental basic intelligence program to fulfill
is acquired, converted into intelligence, and made available to the needs of the US Government for an authoritative and
policymakers. Information is raw data from any source, data coordinated appraisal of strategic basic intelligence. Between
that may be fragmentary, contradictory, unreliable, April 1943 and July 1947, the board published 34 JANIS
ambiguous, deceptive, or wrong. Intelligence is information studies. JANIS performed well in the war effort, and
that has been collected, integrated, evaluated, analyzed, and numerous letters of commendation were received, including a
interpreted. Finished intelligence is the final product of the statement from Adm. Forrest Sherman, Chief of Staff, Pacific
Intelligence Cycle ready to be delivered to the policymaker. Ocean Areas, which said, "JANIS has become the
indispensable reference work for the shore-based planners."
The three types of finished intelligence are: basic, current, The need for more comprehensive basic intelligence in
and estimative. Basic intelligence provides the fundamental the postwar world was well expressed in 1946 by George S.
and factual reference material on a country or issue. Current Pettee, a noted author on national security. He wrote in The
intelligence reports on new developments. Estimative Future of American Secret Intelligence (Infantry Journal
intelligence judges probable outcomes. The three are Press, 1946, page 46) that world leadership in peace requires
mutually supportive: basic intelligence is the foundation on even more elaborate intelligence than war. "The conduct of
which the other two are constructed; current intelligence peace involves all countries, all human activities—not just
continually updates the inventory of knowledge; and the enemy and his war production."
estimative intelligence revises overall interpretations of The Central Intelligence Agency was established on 26
country and issue prospects for guidance of basic and current July 1947 and officially began operating on 18 September
intelligence. The World Factbook, The President's Daily Brief, 1947. Effective 1 October 1947, the Director of Central
and the National Intelligence Estimates are examples of the Intelligence assumed operational responsibility for JANIS. On
three types of finished intelligence. 13 January 1948, the National Security Council issued
The United States has carried on foreign intelligence Intelligence Directive (NSCID) No. 3, which authorized the
activities since the days of George Washington, but only since National Intelligence Survey (NIS) program as a peacetime
World War II have they been coordinated on a replacement for the wartime JANIS program. Before
governmentwide basis. Three programs have highlighted the adequate NIS country sections could be produced,
development of coordinated basic intelligence since that time: government agencies had to develop more comprehensive
(1) the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS), (2) the gazetteers and better maps. The US Board on Geographic
National Intelligence Survey (NIS), and (3) The World Names (BGN) compiled the names; the Department of the
Factbook. Interior produced the gazetteers; and CIA produced the
During World War II, intelligence consumers realized that maps.
the production of basic intelligence by different components of The Hoover Commission's Clark Committee, set up in
the US Government resulted in a great duplication of effort 1954 to study the structure and administration of the CIA,
and conflicting information. The Japanese attack on Pearl reported to Congress in 1955 that: "The National Intelligence
Harbor in 1941 brought home to leaders in Congress and the Survey is an invaluable publication which provides the
executive branch the need for integrating departmental essential elements of basic intelligence on all areas of the
reports to national policymakers. Detailed coordinated world There will always be a continuing requirement for
information was needed not only on such major powers as keeping the Survey up-to-date." The Facfboo/cwas created as
Germany and Japan, but also on places of little previous an annual summary and update to the encyclopedic NIS
interest. In the Pacific Theater, for example, the Navy and studies. The first classified Facfboo/cwas published in August
Marines had to launch amphibious operations against many 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June
islands about which information was unconfirmed or 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the
nonexistent. Intelligence authorities resolved that the United Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975
States should never again be caught unprepared. Factbookwas the first to be made available to the public with
In 1943, Gen. George B. Strong (G-2), Adm. H. C. Train sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The
(Office of Naval Intelligence—ONI), and Gen. William J. 1996 edition was printed by GPO and the 1997 edition was
Donovan (Director of the Office of Strategic Services—OSS) reprinted by GPO. The year 1999 marks the 52nd anniversary
decided that a joint effort should be initiated. A steering of the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency and
committee was appointed on 27 April 1943 that the 56th year of continuous basic intelligence support to the
recommended the formation of a Joint Intelligence Study US Government by The World Factbook and its two
Publishing Board to assemble, edit, coordinate, and publish predecessor programs.
the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS). JANIS was
Contents
Page Page Page
Notes and Definitions vii Chad 95 Guadeloupe 197
Guide to Country Profiles xxvii Chile 97 Guam 199
A Afghanistan 1 China (also see separate Hong Kong 100 Guatemala 200
and Taiwan entries)
Albania 3 Guernsey 203
Algeria 5 Christmas Island 103 Guinea 204
Clipperton Island 104
American Samoa 8 Guinea-Bissau 206
Andorra 9 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 105 Guyana 208
Angola 11 Colombia 106 f i Haiti 210
Anguilla 13 Comoros 109 Heard Island and McDonald Islands 212
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 111
Antarctica 15 Holy See (Vatican City) 213
Antigua and Barbuda 17 Congo, Republic of the 113 Honduras 214
Arctic Ocean 19 Cook Islands 115 Hong Kong 217
Argentina 20 Coral Sea Islands 117 Howland Island 219
Armenia 22 Costa Rica 118 Hungary 220
Aruba 25 Cote d'ivoire 120 | Iceland 222
Ashmore and Cartier Islands 26 Croatia 122 India 225
Atlantic Ocean 27 Cuba 125 Indian Ocean 227
Australia 28 Cyprus 128 Indonesia 228
Austria 30 Czech Republic 131 Iran 231
Azerbaijan 33 D Denmark 133 Iraq 233
B Bahamas, The 35 Djibouti 136 Ireland 236
Bahrain 37 Dominica 138 Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip 238
Baker Island 39 Dominican Republic 139 and West Bank entries)
Bangladesh 40 E Ecuador 142 Italy 241
Barbados 42 Egypt 144 J Jamaica 244
Bassas da India 44 El Salvador 147 Jan Mayen 246
Belarus 45 Equatorial Guinea 149 Japan 247
Belgium 48 Eritrea 151 Jarvis Island 249
Belize 50 Estonia 153 Jersey 250
Benin 52 Ethiopia 156 Johnston Atoll 251
Bermuda 54 Europa Island 158 Jordan 252
Bhutan 56 F Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 159 Juan de Nova Island 255
Bolivia 58 Faroe Islands 160 K Kazakhstan 256
Bosnia and Herzegovina 61 Fiji 162 Kenya 258
Botswana 64 Finland 164 Kingman Reef 261
Bouvet Island 66 France 167 Kiribati 261
Brazil 66 French Guiana 170 Korea, North 263
British Indian Ocean Territory 69 French Polynesia 172 Korea, South 266
British Virgin Islands 70 French Southern and Antarctic Lands 174 Kuwait 268
Brunei 72 G Gabon 175 Kyrgyzstan 270
Bulgaria 74 Gambia, The 177 L Laos 273
Burkina Faso 76 Gaza Strip 179 Latvia 275
Burma 78 Georgia 181 Lebanon 277
Burundi 80 Germany 183 Lesotho 280
C Cambodia 82 Ghana 186 Liberia 282
Cameroon 85 Gibraltar 188 Libya 284
Canada 87 Glorioso Islands 190 Liechtenstein 286
Cape Verde 89 Greece 191 Lithuania 288
Cayman Islands 91 Greenland 193 Luxembourg 290
Central African Republic 93 Grenada 195 M Macau 292
Page Page Page
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav 294 Poland 390 Turkmenistan 492
Republic of Portugal 393 Turks and Caicos Islands 494
Madagascar 297 Puerto Rico 395 Tuvalu 496
Malawi 299 Q Qatar 397 U Uganda 497
Malaysia 301 R Reunion 399 Ukraine 500
Maldives 304 Romania 401 United Arab Emirates 503
Mali 305 Russia 403 United Kingdom 505
Malta 307 Rwanda 407 United States 508
Man, Isle of 309 S Saint Helena 409 Uruguay 511
Marshall Islands 311 Saint Kitts and Nevis 411 Uzbekistan 514
Martinique 313 Saint Lucia 412 V Vanuatu 516
Mauritania 315 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 414 Venezuela 518
Mauritius 317 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 416 Vietnam 520
Mayotte 319 Samoa 418 Virgin Islands 523
Mexico 321
San Marino 420 W Wake Atoll 525
Micronesia, Federated States of 323
Sao Tome and Principe 421 Wallis and Futuna 525
Midway Islands 325
Saudi Arabia 423 West Bank 527
Moldova 326
Senegal 425 Western Sahara 529
Monaco 329
Serbia and Montenegro 427 World 530
Mongolia 331
Seychelles 430 Y Yemen 532
Montserrat 333
Sierra Leone 432 Z Zambia 534
Morocco 335
Singapore 434 Zimbabwe 536
Mozambique 337
Slovakia 437 Taiwan 538
N Namibia 339
Slovenia 439
Nauru 341 Solomon Islands 441
Navassa Island 343
Somalia 443
Nepal 344
South Africa 445
Netherlands 346
South Georgia and the South 448
Netherlands Antilles 348 Sandwich Islands
New Caledonia 350 Spain 449
New Zealand 352 Spratly Islands 452
Nicaragua 355 Sri Lanka 452
Niger 357 Sudan 455
Nigeria 359 Suriname 457
Niue 361 Svalbard 459
Norfolk Island 363 Swaziland 461
Northern Mariana Islands 364 Sweden 463
Norway 366 Switzerland 465
0 Oman 368 Syria 468
P Pacific Ocean 370 T Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe
Pakistan 371 Tajikistan 471
Palau 374 Tanzania 473
Palmyra Atoll 376 Thailand 475
Panama 377 Togo 478
Papua New Guinea 379 Tokelau 480
Paracel Islands 381 Tonga 482
Paraguay 382 Trinidad and Tobago 483
Peru 384 Tromelin Island 485
Philippines 386 Tunisia 486
Pitcairn Islands 389 Turkey 489
Page
Appendixes A: Abbreviations 541
B: United Nations System 549
C: International Organizations and Groups 550
D: Selected International Environmental Agreements 602
E: Weights and Measures 609
F: Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes 622
G: Cross-Reference List of Hydrographie Data Codes 630
H: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names 635
Reference Maps Africa
Antarctic Region
Arctic Region
Asia
Central Africa
Central America and the Caribbean
Central Balkan Region
Commonwealth of Independent States
Europe
Kosovo
Middle East
North America
Oceania
Physical Map of the World
Political Map of the World
South America
Southeast Asia
Standard Time Zones of the World
United States
Notes and Definitions
In addition to the updating of information, the following changes have been made
in this edition of The World Factbook. The name Wake Island has been officially
changed to Wake Atoll. The Historical perspective and Current issues entries
in the Introduction category have been combined into a new Background entry.
It appears in only a few country profiles at this time. There are new entries on
Population below poverty line, Household income or consumption by
percentage share, Electricity—production by source (fossil fuel, hydro,
nuclear, other), Electricity—exports, and Electricity—imports. A new
reference map of Kosovo has been included and terrain has been added to most
of the reference maps. A new physical map of the world has also been added.
Abbreviations: This information is included in Appendix A: Abbreviations,
which includes all abbreviations and acronyms used in the Factbook, with their
expansions.
Administrative divisions: This entry generally gives the numbers, designatory
terms, and first-order administrative divisions as approved by the US Board on
Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on
by BGN are noted.
Age structure: This entry provides the distribution of the population according to
age. Information is included by sex and age group (0-14 years, 15-64 years, 65
years and over). The age structure of a population affects a nation's key
socioeconomic issues. Countries with young populations (high percentage under
age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older populations
(high percentage ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the health sector. The
age structure can also be used to help predict potential political issues. For
example, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment
can lead to unrest.
Agriculture—products: This entry is a rank ordering of major crops and products
starting with the most important.
Airports: This entry gives the total number of airports. The runway(s) may be
paved (concrete or asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel
surfaces), but must be usable. Not all airports have facilities for refueling,
maintenance, or air traffic control.
Airports—with paved runways: This entry gives the total number of airports with
paved runways (concrete or asphalt surfaces). For airports with more than one
runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups
-(1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m,
and (5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing.
Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.
Airports—with unpaved runways: This entry gives the total number of airports
with unpaved runways (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces). For airports with
more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the
following five groups—(1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437
m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and (5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are
included in this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or
air traffic control.
Appendixes: This section includes Factooo/c-related material by topic.
VII
Notes and Definitions (continued)
Area: This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the sum of all land and
water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is
the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or
coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Water area is
the sum of all water surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or
coastlines, including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).
Area—comparative: This entry provides an area comparison based on total area
equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states
based on area measurements (1990 revised) provided by the US Bureau of the
Census. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69
sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).
Background: This entry usually highlights major historic events, current issues,
and may include a statement about one or two key future trends. This entry
appears for only a few countries at the present time, but will be added to all
countries in the future.
Birth rate: This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per
1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The
birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population
growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the
population.
Budget: This entry includes revenues, total expenditures, and capital
expenditures. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in
purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.
Capital: This entry gives the location of the seat of government.
Climate: This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes
throughout the year.
Coastline: This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area
(including islands) and the sea.
Communications: This category deals with the means of exchanging information
and includes the telephone, radio, and television entries.
Communications—note: This entry includes miscellaneous communications
information of significance not included elsewhere.
Constitution: This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major
amendments.
Country map: Most versions of the Factbook provide a country map in color. The
maps were produced from the best information available at the time of preparation.
Names and/or boundaries may have changed subsequently.
Country name: This entry includes all forms of the country's name approved by
the US Board on Geographic Names (Italy is used as an example): conventional
long form (Italian Republic), conventional short form (Italy), local long form
(Repubblica Italians), local short form (Italia), former (Kingdom of Italy), as well as
the abbreviation. Also see the Terminology note.
VIII
Notes and Definitions (continued)
Currency: This entry identifies the national medium of exchange and its basic
subunit.
Data code: This entry gives the official US Government digraph that precisely
identifies every land entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for
example, is the data code for Afghanistan. This two-letter country code is a
standardized geopolitical data element promulgated in the Federal Information
Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 10-4 by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology at the US Department of Commerce and maintained
by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues at the US Department of State.
The data code is used to eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection,
processing, and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful for
interchanging data between databases. Appendix F cross-references various
country data codes and Appendix G does the same thing for hydrographic data
codes.
Data codes—country: This information is presented in Appendix F:
Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes which includes the US
Government approved Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes,
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) codes, and Internet codes
for land entities.
Data codes—hydrographic: This information is presented in Appendix G:
Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Data Codes which includes the
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) codes, Aeronautical Chart and
Information Center (ACIC; now National Imagery and Mapping Agency or NIMA)
codes, and Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) codes for hydrographic entities.
The US Government has not yet approved a standard for hydrographic data codes
similar to the FIPS 10-4 standard for country data codes.
Date of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1999, was
used in the preparation of this edition.
Death rate: This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year
per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate,
while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately
indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is
significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show
a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages,
as declining fertility results in an aging population.
Debt—external: This entry gives the total amount of public foreign financial
obligations.
Dependency status: This entry describes the formal relationship between a
particular nonindependent entity and an independent state.
Dependent areas: This entry contains an alphabetical listing of all
nonindependent entities associated in some way with a particular independent
state.
Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with
184 independent states, including 178 of the 185 UN members (excluded UN
members are Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, former Yugoslavia, and the
US itself). In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 6 independent states
that are not in the UN—Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, and Tuvalu.