DTIC ADA258483: Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, Volume 7, Number 2, Winter 1992,

197 Pages·10.6 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

483
ADmmA258
DTIC
ELECT
ISDE CO379U
92-30661
Approved for public r.1.m.w
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GENERAL PURPOSE AND SCOPE. The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal
hereinafter known as the ACES Journal is devoted to the exchange of information in computational
electromagnetics, to the advancement of the state-of-the-art, and to the promotion of related technical
activities. A primary objective of the information exchange is the elimination of the need to "re-invent
the wheel" to solve a previously-solved computational problem in electrical engineering, physics, or
related fields of study. The technical activities promoted by this publication include code validation,
performance analysis, and input/output standardization; code or technique optimization and error
minimization; innovations in solution technique or in data input/output; identification of new applica-
tions for electromagnetics modeling codes and techniques; integration of computational electromagnet-
ics techniques with new computer architectures; and correlation of computational parameters with
physical mechanisms.
SUBMISSIONS CONTENT. The ACES Journal welcomes original, previously unpublished papers,
relating to applied computational electromagnetics.
Typical papers will represent the computational electromagnetics aspects of research in electrical
engineering, physics, or related disciplines. However, papers which represent research in applied
computational electromagnetics itself are equally acceptable.
For additional details, see "Information for Authors", elsewhere in this issue.
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Dr. Richard Adler, ACES Secretary
Naval Postgraduate School, Code EC/AB
Monterey, CA 93943 USA
Fax: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]
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see "Information for Authors".
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CORRECTION CORRECTION CORRECTION
THE PRINTERS USED A COVER FROM A PREVIOUS JOURNAL,
DISREGARDING OUR ARTWORK, AND AS A RESULT THE FIRST AND
SECOND ILLUSTRATION HAVE BEEN REVERSED. PAGE 1 IS NOW
INCORRECT. IT SHOULD STATE:
THE FIRST, THIRD, FOURTH, AND FIFTH ILLUSTRATION ON THE FRONT
COVER HAVE BEEN OBTAINED FROM LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL
LABORATORY.
THE SECOND ILLUSTRATION ON THE FRONT COVER HAS BEEN OBTAINED
FROM FLUX2D SOFTWARE, CEDRAT S.A. FRANCE, MAGSOFT
CORPORATION, NEW YORK.
APPLIED
COMPUTATIONAL
ELECTROMAGNETICS
Accesion For
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The ACES Journal Is abstracted in INSPEC, in Engineering Index, and in DTIC.
The second, third, fourth, and fifth illustrations on the front cover have been obtained from Lawrence
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The first illustration on the front cover has been obtained from FUIX2D software, CEDRAT SA France,
MAGSOFT Corporation, New York.
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THE APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS
SOCIETY JOURNAL
SPECIAL ISSUE
ON
BIOELECTROMAGNETIC COMPUTATIONS
GUEST EDITORS
A.H.J. Fleming
K.H. Joyner
Telecom Australia Research Laboratories
770 Blackburn Road
Clayton, Victoria, 3168, AUSTRALIA
REVIEWERS
J. B. Anderson P.W. Barber J. Bornemann
Aalborg University Clarkson University University of Victoria
Aalborg. SWEDEN Potsdam. NY USA Victoria, B. C. CANADA
IK..M. Chen C.H. Durney S. Eisenberg
Michigan State University University of Utah Boston University
East Lansing. MI USA Salt Lake City. UT USA Boston. MA USA
O.P. Gandhi M.J. Hagmann F.X. Hart
University of YJtah Florida International University University of the South
Salt Lake Cityj UT USA Miami, FL USA Sewanee. TN USA
ful. - D. Isaacson M.F. Iskander
New Mexico State University Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute University of Utah
Las Cruces. NM USA -'roy. NY USA ,. Salt Lake City. UT T SA
J.R. James A. Konrad D.V. Land
RMCS Cranfleld University of Toronto University of Glasgow
Swindon. Whiltshire. UK Toronto. Ontario. CANADA Glasgow. SCOTLAND
Y. Leroy D.R. Lynch H. Massoudi
Universite de Lille Flandres Artois Dartmouth College GE Corporate R&D
Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex. FRANCE Hanover. NH USA Schenectady. NY USA
B.R. McLeod S. Mizushina M.A. Morgan
Montana State University Shizouka University Naval Postgraduate School
Bozeman. MT USA Hamamatsu, JAPAN Monterey. CA USA
G. Mur K.D. Paulsen C. Polk
Delft University of Technology Dartmouth College University of Rhode Island
Delft. TIlE NETHERIANDS Hanover. NH USA Kingston. RI USA
2
SPECIAL ISSUE REVIEWERS (CONTINUED)
C.M. Rappaport C. Reuter V. Sathlaseelan
Northeastern University Northwestern University Northweste-n Memorial Hosp.
Boston. MA USA Evanston. IL USA Chicago. IL USA
G. Schwierz R.J. Spiegel D.E. Stein
Siemens Gammasonics Inc. US EPA Computer Systems Center Inc.
Hoffman Estates. IL USA Research Triangle Park. NC USA Linthicum Heights. MD USA
MA. Stuchly
University of Victoria
Victoria. B.C. CANADA
3
THE APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS
SOCIETY JOURNAL
EDITORS
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MANAGING EDITOR
David E. Stein Richard W. Adler
Computer Systems Center Inc. Naval Postgraduate School
P.O. Box 169 Code EC/AB
LUnthicum Heights, MD 21090 U.S.A. Monterey, CA 93943. U.S.A.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, EMERITUS
Robert M. Bevensee, SINGAPORE
Ruediger Anders Gregory R. Haack Glorglo Molinari
Applied Electromagnetics Engineering DSTO University of Genova
Mahwah, NJ. USA Salisbury, AUSTRALIA Genova. ITALY
Harold W. Askins Christian Hafner Frederic A. Molinet
The Citadel Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Societe Mothesim
Charleston, SC, USA Zurich, SWITZERLAND Le Plessls-Robinson, FRANCE
Brian A. Austin Roger Harrington Gerrit Mur
University of Liverpool Syracuse University Technische Universitelt Delft
Liverpool, UK Syracuse, NY, USA Delil, NETHERLANDS
Duncan C. Baker Kueichlen C. Hill Takayoshl Nakata
University of Pretoria Wright Laboratory Okayama University
Pretoria. SOUTH AFRICA Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. USA Okayama. JAPAN
Fuhlo Bessl Klyohiko Itoh Andrew F. Peterson
Ingegneria dei Sistemi S.p.A. Hokkaldo University GA Institute of Technology
Pisa, ITALY Sappora, JAPAN Atlanta, GA. USA
Robert M. Bevensee Adalbert Konrad Harrold A. Sabbagh
National University of Singapore University of Toronto Sabbagh Associates Inc.
SINGAPORE Toronto, Ontario, CANADA Bloomington, IN USA
John R. Bowler Stanley Kubina Ted L. Simpson
University of Surrey Concordia University University of S. Carolina
Surrey. UK Montreal, Quebec, CANADA Columbia, SC, USA
James K. Breakall Karl J. Langenberg Chris Smith
Pennsylvania State University Universitat Kassel Kaman Sciences Corp.
University Park, PA, USA Kassel, GERMANY Colorado Springs, CO, USA
Robert T. Brown Ray Luebbers C.W. -Bill- Trowbrldge
Lockheed Aeronautical Sys. Co. Pennsylvania State University Vector Fields Limited
Valencia, CA, USA University Park, PA, USA Oxford, UK
Chalmers M. Butler Andrew L Maffett Jean-Claude Verite
Clemson University Consultant Ekctricite de France
Clemson, SC, USA Dexter, MI, USA Clamart, Cedex. FRANCE
Edgar Coffey Ronald Marhelka W. Perry Wheless
Advanced Electromagnetics Ohio State University University of Alabama
Albuquerque. NM, USA Columbus, OH. USA Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
Tony Fleming Edmund K. Miller John W. Williams
Telecom Australia Los Alamos National Lab. Science Applications IntL
Clayton, Victoria, AUSTRAIUA Los Alamos, NM, USA Albuquerque. NM, USA
Pat Foster Kenzo Mlya Manfred Wurm
Microwave & Antenna Systems University of Tokyo FB Technik
Worcestahire, UK Tokyo, JAPAN Kiel. GERMANY
4
THE APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS SOCIETY
SPECIAL ISSUE OF THE JOURNAL
ON
BIOELECTROMAGNETIC COMPUTATIONS
Vol. 7 No. 2 Winter 1992
TABLE OF CONTENTS
"Introduction to The Special Issue on Bioelectromagnetic Computations"
by A.H.J. Fleming and K.H. Joyner .................................................................................. 6
"3D Bloelectromagnetic Computation on Finite Elements"
by K.D. Paulsen, X. Jia and D.R. Lynch .......................................................................... 9
"Computation of Three-dimensional Electromagnetic Field Distributions in a Human Body Using
the Weak Form of the CGFFT Method"
by A.P.M. Zwamborn, P.M. van den Berg, J. Mooibroek, and F.T.C. Koenis ..................... 26
"Multiple Multipole Method Applied to an Exposure Safety Study"
by N . Ku ster ..................................................................................................................... 43
"Application of Numerical Modeling Techniques in Electromagnetic Hyperthernia"
by V. Sathiaseelan, A. Taflove, M.J. Piket-May, C. Reuter, and B.B. Mittal ..................... 61
"Analysis and Computation of Leaky-Wave Hyperthermia Applicator"
by J.R. Jam es and G. Andrasic ...................................................................................... 72
"Evaluation of Clinical Hyperthermia Treatment Using Time Domain Finite Difference
Modelling Technique"
by H.C. Taylor and R.W .M . Lau ...................................................................................... 85
"Optimizing Planar Source Distributions for Deep Power Deposition in Biological Tissue"
by C .M . Rappaport ............................................................................................................ 97
'Two-Dimensional Temperature Retrieval in Biological Structures by Multifrequency
Microwave Radiometry: A Sobolev-Space Solution"
by F. Bardati, V.J. Brown and P. Tognolatti ..................................................................... 110
"Non-invasive Active Thermometry with a Microwave Tomographic Scanner in
Hyperthermia Treatments"
by J.J. Mallorqui, A. Broquetas, L. Jofre and A. Cardama ................................................ 121
"Electrical Impedance Tomography in Three Dimensions"
by J. Goble, M . Cheney and D. Isaacson .......................................................................... 128
"Computational Method for Power Line Magnetic Field Evaluation"
by S. Tofani, G. d'Amore, G. Bonazzola and G. Fiandino .................................................. 148
"Simplified Analytical Solutions for Magnetic Stimulation of Neurons"
by K.P. Esselie and M .A Stuchly ..................................................................................... 162
"Analysis of the Stimulation of a Nerve Fiber Surrounded by an Inhomogeneous, Anisotropic,
and Dispersive Tissue"
by G. D'inzeo, C. Glacomozzi and S. Pisa ......................................................................... 179
Institutional M em bers .......................................................................................................... 191
0 1992, The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society
5
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE
ON
BIOELECTROMAGNETIC COMPUTATIONS
A.H.J Fleming, Guest Editor
K.H. Joyner, Guest Editor
Telecom Australia Research Laboratories
Bloelectromagnetics, the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) radiation with biological tissues and
systems, Is at present driven largely by two complementary disciplines: namely biomedical engineering
and blo-hazards analysis. Their intersection with electromagnetics covers a wide variety of applications
of critical concern to modern man.
Pertinent to this Special Issue, and because of the complexity of the anatomy or physiology
involved, bloelectromagnetic computations are often required for a sufficient understanding of effects.
Used in conjunction with analytic and experimental methods, EM numerical methods form an Integral
part of the tools at the disposal of the investigator. Even canonical shapes such as spheres, ellipsoids
and cylinders, often used to provide a conceptual starting point, require considerable computational
effort.
This being the first Special Issue of the ACES Journal devoted to computational bloelectromagnetics,
the Guest-editors have attempted to provide the reader with a cross-section of current activity in the field.
The first three papers present different methodologies for solvingwhole-body problems. The next four papers
are applied to hyperthermla and concern levels of deposition in tissue. There are two papers that discuss
methods for obtaining thermometric data during hyperthermia; one of these addresses the active imaging
of this data. Following these Is a paper that examines the imaging of tissues. Next discussed is a method
for calculating magnetic fields at points near power line configurations. The final two papers examine
methods of stimulation of neurons and tissues.
A synopsis of the methodologies employed by the authors of the selected papers is as follows.
The paper by KD. Paulsen, X. Jia and D.R. Lynch presents a finite element method that employs
an "entended weak form" using the magnetic field as the mesh variable. After discussing solution
residuals, and testing against a homogeneous sphere problem, they demonstrate their method with
whole-body models obtained from serial computer tomography (CT) data.
The paper by A.P.M. Zwamborn, P.M. van den Berg, J. Mooibroek and F.T.C. Koenis discusses a
weak formulation of the domain-integral equation method for modeling full-vectorial, three dimensional
EM problems that conjugate-gradlent iterative technique with a Fast Fourier Transform technique. Error
testing and convergence of the method is performed using Mie series solutions for an inhomogeneous
sphere. Using a mesh generated from CT data, absorbed power densities inside an inhomogeneous block
model are presented.
N. Kuster discusses the multiple multipole method, and applies it to a blo-hazards assessment
of UHF-VHF transmitters often used for on-site, live radio and television broadcasts. Line multipoles are
used to the model the transmitters, and due to the frequency of transmission and the worst-case nature
of the assessment, a simple inhomogeneous model is used for the whole body.
6
The paper by V. Sathiaseelan, A. Taflove, M.J. Piket-May, C. Reuter and B.B. Mittal provides a
review of numerical modeling as applied to hyperthermia, including a discussion ofvalidatory experimen-
tal studies using phantoms. Next, tissue deposition patterns from two-dimensional models of waveguide
applicators and an inhomogeneous thigh are obtained using the finite difference time domain method
(FDTD) code.
J.R. James and G. Andrasic apply the FDTD method to the analysis of a conformal microstrip
hyperthermia applicator. To investigate its potential for delivery of deep focal resolution, necessary for
effective abdominal and pelvic treatments, they use leaky-wave analysis and an experimental phantom,
along with the FDTD method recast in curvilinear coordinates.
The FDTD method is again used by H.C. Taylor and R.W.M. Lau, who present an examination of
clinical hyperthermia deposition. Two-dimensional models of an annular phased array applicator and
patient abdomen, and the associated computed power deposition patterns, are utilized in case studies
to determine the likely success of treatment.
C.M. Rappaport discusses the optimization of planar source distributions for the delivery of
focused radio-frequency power deposition at depth within biological tissues. The method uses a surface
field integral which results in a non-linear differential equation in terms of the phase of the source. An
iterative method is used to determine the optimal depth of delivery.
F. Bardati, V.J. Brown and P. Tognolatti discuss the technique of multi-frequency microwave
radiometry for monitoring tissue temperature during hyperthermia treatment. Using a layered
cylindrical geometry appropriate for limbs, a two-dimensional inverse problem whose solution space is
spanned by thernnal functions, is solved via the FDTD method as two direct problems: an electromagnetic
scattering problem and a heat balance one.
The paper by J.J. Mallorqui, A. Broquetas, L. Jofre and A. Cardama, discusses active thermomet-
ric imaging using a 64 element microwave tomographic scanner, reconstructing the image from the
difference between the fields scattered by the reference and heated dielectric bodies. Data obtained using
numerical simulations of the imaging algorithm are compared with those obtained using experimental
phantoms.
An algorithm for electrical impedance tomography of three-dimensional volumes is discussed by
J. Goble, M. Cheney and D. Isaacson. The algorithm is based upon the method of least squares, using
one step of Newton's method to estimate conductivities inside the volume from electrical measurements
on the surface. Images from an implementation of the algorithm are compared with experimentally
obtained voltage data.
S. Tofani, G. d'Amore, G. Bonazzola and G. Flandino present a numerical method for evaluating
the magnetic fields in the vicinity of power line configurations. The influences of spatial and electrical
power lines parameters are considered. Calculated and measured data are presented.
K.P. Esselle and M.A. Stuchly discuss the stimulation of peripheral nerves and motor neurons in
the cerebral cort :; via current coils that induce pulsed magnetic fields in tissue. The coil dimensions
and shape, are optimized, depending upon the depth of the nerve in tissue.
7