Drug use and abuse: a comprehensive introduction

497 Pages·2011·10.582 MB·English

by  Abadinsky, Howard

D U A
RUG SE AND BUSE
A Comprehensive Introduction
SEVENTH EDITION
Howard Abadinsky
St. John’s University
Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates
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Introduction,SeventhEdition
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This book is dedicated to the memory
of James A. Inciardi, an outstanding drug researcher and wonderful
colleague who will be missed.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
B C
RIEF ONTENTS
PREFACE xiv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix
CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DRUG USE AND ABUSE 1
CHAPTER 2 DRUG USE, DRUG ABUSE, DRUG LEGISLATION: A HISTORY 28
CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGY OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 72
CHAPTER 4 DEPRESSANTS 89
CHAPTER 5 STIMULANTS 122
CHAPTER 6 HALLUCINOGENS, “CLUB DRUGS,” MARIJUANA, INHALANTS, AND PRESCRIPTION
DRUGS 153
CHAPTER 7 THE SOCIOLOGY OF DRUG ABUSE 186
CHAPTER 8 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DRUG USE AND ABUSE 206
CHAPTER 9 DRUG USE AND ABUSE: PREVENTION 224
CHAPTER 10 DRUG USE AND ABUSE: TREATMENT 244
CHAPTER 11 THE BUSINESS OF DRUGS 290
CHAPTER 12 DRUG LAWS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 334
CHAPTER 13 DRUG USE AND ABUSE POLICY I: THE U.S. MODEL 372
CHAPTER 14 DRUG USE AND ABUSE POLICY II: DECRIMINALIZATION AND HARM REDUCTION 393
GLOSSARY 422
REFERENCES 427
NAME INDEX 465
SUBJECT INDEX 471
iv
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C
ONTENTS
PREFACE xiv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix
CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DRUG USE AND ABUSE 1
Nicotine and Alcohol 2
The Gateway to Illegal Drug Use 2
Drugs: Reaching a Definition 3
Drug Use, Abuse, and Addiction 4
Drug Use Continuum 5
Addiction 6
Definition Determines Response 7
Psychoactive Drugs 7
Depressants 7
Stimulants 7
Hallucinogens, “Club Drugs,” Marijuana/Cannabis, Inhalants,
and Prescription Drugs 12
Estimating the Extent of Drug Use 12
National Survey on Drug Use and Health 13
Monitoring the Future 13
Drug Abuse Warning Network 14
NNICC Narcotics Intelligence Estimates 15
Pulse Check 16
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring 16
v
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vi Contents
Drug Use: How Much, How Many? 17
Drugs and Crime 20
Research on Adolescents 21
Research on Adults 22
Drugs Use and Violence 24
Summary 26
Review Questions 27
CHAPTER 2 DRUG USE, DRUG ABUSE, AND DRUG LEGISLATION:
A HISTORY 28
Alcohol and the Temperance Movement 29
National Prohibition 31
Opium: A Long History 32
Morphine and Heroin 34
China and the Opium Wars 35
The First Opium War 37
The Second Opium War 37
The Chinese Problem and the American Response 38
The Pure Food and Drug Act 40
China and the International Opium Conference 40
The Harrison Act 42
Case Law Results 44
Narcotic Clinics and Enforcement 45
The Uniform Drug Act 48
Cocaine 50
Cocaine in the Nineteenth Century 51
Cocaine in the Twentieth Century 52
Marijuana 53
Early Marijuana Legislation and Literature 54
Counterculture Use and Changing Laws 55
Amphetamine 57
Barbiturates 58
Tranquilizers and Sedatives 58
Hallucinogens 59
Government Action after World War II 61
A Turn Toward Treatment 62
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention
and Control Act of 1970 64
Drug Scare of the 1980s 65
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Contents vii
The Twenty-First Century 66
Summary 67
Review Questions 69
CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGY OF DRUG USE AND ABUSE 72
Biological Theories of Drug Use and Abuse 73
Polydrug Use 74
The Disease Model 76
Genetic Predisposition 77
Psychoactive Substances and the Central Nervous System 78
The Brain 79
The Adolescent Brain and Drugs 80
Neurons 80
Neurotransmitters 82
Drug Ingestion 84
Tolerance 85
Drug Cues 86
Summary 87
Review Questions 88
CHAPTER 4 DEPRESSANTS 89
Endorphins 90
Stress and Addiction 91
Heroin 92
Effects of Heroin 96
Tolerance for Heroin 98
Heroin Withdrawal 98
Medical Use of Heroin 99
Dangers of Heroin Use 100
Oxycodone/OxyContin 101
Barbiturates 101
Effects of Barbiturates 102
Tolerance for Barbiturates 103
Barbiturate Withdrawal 103
Medical Use of Barbiturates 103
Dangers of Barbiturate Use 104
Benzodiazepines 104
Effects of Tranquilizers 105
Medical Use of Benzodiazepines 105
Tolerance for Benzodiazepines 106
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viii Contents
Withdrawal from Benzodiazepines 106
Dangers of Tranquilizer Use 106
Methaqualone 107
Alcohol 107
Effects of Alcohol 110
Alcohol Tolerance and Withdrawal 115
Dangers of Alcohol Use 116
Analogs and Designer Drugs 118
Summary 120
Review Questions 121
CHAPTER 5 STIMULANTS 122
Cocaine 124
Effects of Cocaine 124
Coca Paste and Cocaine Combinations 128
Crack 129
Cocaine Tolerance 131
Cocaine Withdrawal 131
Medical Use of Cocaine 132
Dangers of Cocaine Use 132
Amphetamines 135
Effects of Amphetamines 138
Methamphetamine Tolerance and Withdrawal 140
Medical Use of Amphetamines 140
Dangers of Methamphetamine Use 141
Nicotine 143
Effects of Nicotine 143
Nicotine Tolerance and Withdrawal 146
Dangers of Nicotine Use 147
Herbal Stimulants 149
Caffeine 149
Summary 150
Review Questions 151
CHAPTER 6 HALLUCINOGENS, CLUB DRUGS, MARIJUANA, INHALANTS,
AND PRESCRIPTION DRUGS 153
Hallucinogens 154
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 154
Effects of LSD 155
LSD Tolerance and Withdrawal 157
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Contents ix
Dangers of LSD Use 157
Phencyclidine (PCP) 158
Effects of PCP 159
PCP Tolerance and Withdrawal 160
Dangers of PCP Use 160
Mushrooms and Cactus 161
Club Drugs 162
Ecstasy 162
BZP (1-Benzylpiperazine) 167
Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) 167
Ketamine 167
Rohypnol 168
GHB and GBL 169
Salvia 170
Marijuana 170
Effects of Cannabis 171
Marijuana Tolerance and Withdrawal 172
Dangers of Marijuana Use 173
Inhalants 174
Effects of Inhalants and Solvents 174
Inhalant Tolerance and Withdrawal 175
Dangers of Inhalant Use 175
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Abuse 175
Nootropics/Neuroenhancers 183
Summary 183
Review Questions 185
CHAPTER 7 THE SOCIOLOGY OF DRUG ABUSE 186
Sociological Theory 187
Stages of Drug Use 188
Alcohol 189
Heroin and Cocaine 190
Anomie 193
Response to Anomie 193
Problems with the Theory 194
The Adaptive Model of Anomie 195
Differential Association 196
Social Control Theory 198
Subcultures and Cultural Deviance 199
Symbolic Interactionism/Labeling 202
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.