Drug use and abuse : a comprehensive introduction

507 Pages·2008·4.54 MB·English

by  Howard Abadinsky

Drug Use and Abuse
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Drug Use and Abuse
A Comprehensive Introduction
SIXTH EDITION
Howard Abadinsky
St.John’sUniversity
Australia•Brazil•Canada•Mexico•Singapore•Spain
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DrugUseandAbuse:AComprehensiveIntroduction,SixthEdition
HowardAbadinsky
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Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Drug Abuse 1
CHAPTER 2 Drug Use and Legislation: A History 29
CHAPTER 3 Drugs and the Nervous System 73
CHAPTER 4 Depressants 92
CHAPTER 5 Stimulants 126
CHAPTER 6 Hallucinogens, Club Drugs, Marijuana,
and Inhalants 157
CHAPTER 7 The Sociology of Drug Abuse 183
CHAPTER 8 The Psychology of Drug Abuse 204
CHAPTER 9 Drug Abuse Treatment 222
CHAPTER 10 Drug Abuse Prevention 269
CHAPTER 11 The Business of Drugs and the Drug-Terrorism
Connection 288
v
vi BriefContents
CHAPTER 12 Drug Laws and Law Enforcement 324
CHAPTER 13 Drug Abuse Policy 363
CHAPTER 14 Drug Decriminalization and Harm Reduction 393
GLOSSARY 423
REFERENCES 430
NAME INDEX 469
SUBJECT INDEX 478
Contents
PREFACE xvii
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Drug Abuse 1
Drugs: Reaching a Definition 4
Drug Abuse and Addiction 5
Drug Abuse Continuum 6
Addiction 7
Definition Determines Response 8
Drugs of Abuse 9
Depressants 9
Stimulants 9
Hallucinogens, ‘‘Club Drugs,’’ Marijuana/Cannabis, and Inhalants 9
Estimating the Extent of the Drug Problem 12
National Survey on Drug Use and Health 13
Monitoring the Future 13
Drug Abuse Warning Network 14
NNICC Narcotics Intelligence Estimates 15
vii
viii Contents
Pulse Check 15
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring 16
Drug Use: How Many, How Much? 17
Prescription Drug Abuse 18
Connection Between Drugs and Crime 20
Research on Adolescents 21
Research on Adults 22
Drugs and Violence 25
Summary 27
Review Questions 27
CHAPTER 2 Drug Use and Legislation: A History 29
Alcohol and the Temperance Movement 30
National Prohibition 32
Opium: A Long History 34
Morphine and Heroin 36
China and the Opium Wars 37
The First Opium War 39
The Second Opium War 40
The Chinese Problem and the American Response 40
Twentieth-Century Efforts and Legislation 43
The Pure Food and Drug Act 43
China and the International Opium Conference 43
The Harrison Act 45
Case Law Results 47
Narcotics Clinics and Enforcement 48
The Uniform Drug Act 50
Cocaine: From Coca to Crack 52
Nineteenth-Century Use 53
Cocaine in the Twentieth Century 54
Marijuana: From Immigrants to the Counterculture 56
Early Marijuana Legislation and Literature 56
Counterculture Use and Changing Laws 58
Amphetamines: Speed and Ice 60
Barbiturates 61
Tranquilizers and Sedatives 61
Contents ix
Hallucinogens 61
Government Action After World War II 64
A Turn Toward Treatment 65
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 66
The Drug Scare of the 1980s 68
Into the Twenty-First Century 69
Summary 70
Review Questions 71
CHAPTER 3 Drugs and the Nervous System 73
Neurological Theories of Drug Abuse 74
The Disease Model 74
Arousal Theory 75
Genetic Predisposition 76
Limitations in the Neurological Study of Drug Abuse 76
Polydrug Use 78
Psychoactive Substances and the Central Nervous System 79
The Brain 80
Neurons 81
Neurotransmitters 83
Drug Ingestion 87
Tolerance 88
Drug Cues and Sexual Dysfunction 89
Summary 90
Review Questions 91
CHAPTER 4 Depressants 92
Endorphins 93
Stress and Addiction 94
Heroin 95
Effects of Heroin 99
Tolerance for Heroin 103
Heroin Withdrawal 103
Medical Use of Heroin 104
Dangers of Heroin Use 105
Oxycodone 106