Droplets and Sprays : Applications for Combustion and Propulsion PDF
Preview Droplets and Sprays : Applications for Combustion and Propulsion
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Saptarshi Basu Avinash Kumar Agarwal Achintya Mukhopadhyay Chetankumar Patel Editors Droplets and Sprays Applications for Combustion and Propulsion Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series editors Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in areas including, but not limited to: (cid:129) Renewable Energy (cid:129) Alternative Fuels (cid:129) Engines and Locomotives (cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion (cid:129) Fossil Fuels (cid:129) Carbon Capture (cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy (cid:129) Environmental Pollution (cid:129) Waste Management (cid:129) Transportation Sustainability More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901 ⋅ Saptarshi Basu Avinash Kumar Agarwal Achintya Mukhopadhyay Chetankumar Patel Editors Droplets and Sprays Applications for Combustion and Propulsion 123 Editors Saptarshi Basu Achintya Mukhopadhyay Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Jadavpur University Bangalore, Karnataka Kolkata, West Bengal India India Avinash KumarAgarwal Chetankumar Patel Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh India India ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic) Energy,Environment, andSustainability ISBN978-981-10-7448-6 ISBN978-981-10-7449-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7449-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017959311 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore Preface Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities. Trans- portation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the trans- portationbymillionsofpersonalizedandmasstransportvehiclesandavailabilityof 24×7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary living standards. The first international conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from 26 to 28 February 2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014,withtheaimofspreading knowledgeinthefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainabilityandcombustion.The society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable and secure energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and awareness about the environmental challenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvariousactivities such as conducting workshops, seminars and conferences in the domains of its interest. The society also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young scientists and engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring them awards under various categories. This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists and engineers from various countries including India, the USA, South Korea, Norway,MalaysiaandAustralia.Inthisconference,eminentspeakersfromallover the world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion, emissions and alternative energy resource for sustainable development and cleaner environment. The conference started with four mini-symposiums on very topical themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion, (ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion and (iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road Transport. The conference had 14 technical sessions on topics related to energy and environmental sustainability and v vi Preface panel discussions on ‘Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical EducationandResearchintheAreaofEnergy,EnvironmentandSustainability’to wrap up the three-day technical extravaganza. The conference included 2 plenary talks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed talks and 120 posters. A total of 234 participants and speakers attended this three-day conference, which hosted Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog, India, as a chief guest for the award ceremony of ISEES. This conference laid out the road map for technology development, opportunities and challenges in this technologydomain.ThetechnicalsessionsintheconferenceincludedAdvancesin IC Engines andFuels; Conversion ofBiomassto Biofuels; Combustion Processes; RenewableEnergy:ProspectsandTechnologies;WastetoWealth—Chemicalsand Fuels; Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Pro- cesses; Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of Coal/ Biomass; Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical Processes; Utilization of Biofuels; and Environmental Protection and Health. All these topics are very relevant for the country and the world in the present context. The society is grateful to Prof. Ashok Pandey for organizing and hosting this conference, which led to the germination of this series of monographs, which included 16 books related to different aspects of energy, environment and sus- tainability. This is the first time that such a voluminous and high-quality outcome has been achieved by any society in India from one conference. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short notice. We would like to express our special thanks to Prof. Swarnendu Sen, Prof. Koushik Ghosh, Prof. Pallab Sinha Mahapatra and Prof. Ranjan Ganguly, who reviewed various chapters of this monograph and provided their valuable sugges- tions to improve the manuscripts. We acknowledge the support received from various funding agencies and organizations for successfully conducting of the first ISEESconferenceSEEC-2017,wherethesemonographsgerminated.Theseinclude DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndia(specialthankstoDr. Sanjay Bajpai); TSI, India (special thanks to Dr. Deepak Sharma); Tesscorn, India (specialthankstoSh.Satyanarayana);AVL,India;Horiba,India;Springer(special thanks to Swati Mehershi); CIAB (special thanks to Dr. Sangwan). Combustion of liquid fuel is a major source of energy production in today’s world. Liquid fuel provides several advantages like high specific energy on a volumetricbasisandrelativeeaseofstorage.Fuelissuppliedtothesedevicesinthe form of a spray of tiny droplets. The ever-increasing demand for energy and depleting reserves of fossil fuels has also led to exploration of newer grades of liquid fuels and fuel blends. The combustion and emission characteristics of the liquid-fuelled devices depend to a large extent on the behaviour of fuel droplets individually and collectively in a spray. Critical combustion phenomena like ignition, extinction, flame stability and emission strongly depend on the mean and rangeofdropletsizeinaspray.Consequently,behaviourofindividualdropletsand sprays continues to form a major focus of combustion and propulsion research. Preface vii Thepresentmonographcontains13differentchaptersdiscussingvariousaspects of current research on droplets and sprays relevant to combustion and propulsion applications. They include fundamental studies related to heating, evaporation and combustion of individual droplets and basic mechanisms of spray formation and also extend to latest analytical, numerical and experimental techniques for inves- tigatingbehaviourofsprayindeviceslikecombustionenginesandgasturbines.In addition, They also include several emerging areas like interaction between sprays and flames and dynamic characteristics of spray combustion systems on the fun- damental side and development of novel fuel injectors for specific devices on the application side. The monograph contains leading international researchers in the field of spray combustion and propulsion and covers a diverse range of topics spanning funda- mentals and applications, modelling and experiments. The chapters have been developed in a pedagogical manner starting with the basics of the relevant topics and background material and extending up to the latest developing developments. Thus,wehopethemonographwouldbeusefultopractisingengineers,researchers and graduate students working in the area of spray combustion and propulsion. Bengaluru, India Saptarshi Basu Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal Kolkata, India Achintya Mukhopadhyay Kanpur, India Chetankumar Patel Contents Part I Multiphase Flow Fundamentals 1 Introduction to Droplets and Sprays: Applications for Combustion and Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Saptarshi Basu, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Chetankumar Patel 2 Towards Combined Deterministic and Statistical Approaches to Modeling Dispersed Multiphase Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Shankar Subramaniam and S. Balachandar Part II Droplet Evaporation and Combustion 3 Modelling of Droplet Heating and Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Sergei S. Sazhin 4 Combustion of Multi-component Fuel Droplets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Srinibas Karmakar, S. K. Som and D. Chaitanya Kumar Rao Part III Atomization Principles and Injection Strategies 5 On Primary Atomization in Propulsive Device Fuel Injectors—A Short Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Kuppuraj Rajamanickam, Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Saptarshi Basu 6 A Comprehensive Model for Estimation of Spray Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Souvick Chatterjee, Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Swarnendu Sen 7 Modeling of Flash Boiling Phenomenon in Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of Fuel Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Kaushik Saha, Michele Battistoni and Sibendu Som ix x Contents 8 Novel Fuel Injection Systems for High-Speed Combustors . . . . . . . 183 Kuppuraj Rajamanickam, Swapneel Roy and Saptarshi Basu 9 ExperimentalInvestigationofSprayCharacteristicsofKerosene, Ethanol, and Ethanol-Blended Kerosene Using a Gas Turbine Hybrid Atomizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Amlan Garai, Shinjan Ghosh, Swarnendu Sen and Achintya Mukhopadhyay 10 Two-PhaseCharacterizationforTurbulentDispersionofSprays: A Review of Optical Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Srikrishna Sahu, M. Manish and Yannis Hardalupas Part IV Turbulent Spray Combustion 11 Turbulent Spray Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Seong-Young Lee, Ahmed Abdul Moiz and Khanh D. Cung 12 Modelling of Variance and Co-variance in Turbulent Flame–Droplet Interaction: A Direct Numerical Simulation Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Sean P. Malkeson, Daniel H. Wacks and Nilanjan Chakraborty Part V Droplet and Spray Dynamics 13 Dynamics of Droplet Break-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Binita Pathak, Ranganathan Kumar and Saptarshi Basu 14 Intermittency: A State that Precedes Thermoacoustic Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Samadhan A. Pawar and R. I. Sujith
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