Document Architecture in Open Systems: The ODA Standard

354 Pages·1991·6.627 MB·English

by  Dr.rer. nat. Wolfgang Appelt (auth.)

Wolfgang Appelt
Document Architecture
in Open Systems:
The ODA Standard
With 77 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Dr. rer. nat. Wolfgang Appelt
Institute for Applied Information Technology
National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD)
Schloss Birlinghoven
W-S20S Sankt Augustin 1, FRG
ISBN -13: 978-3-642-76922-1 e-ISBN -13 :978-3-642-76920-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76920-7
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
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Preface
In 1989, the International Standard "Office Document Architecture
(ODA) and Interchange Format" was published by ISO (International
Organization for Standardization) with the registration number ISO 8613.
Also, a Recommendation of the CCITT ( Comite Consultatif International
Tetegraphique et Telephonique) with essentially the same technical con
tent was issued in 1988 within the T.410 series with the title "Open
Document Architecture (ODA) and-Interchange Format".
These standards were developed for the electronic interchange of docu
ments which are stored in digital form. The documents envisaged are
primarily, but not exclusively, those which are encountered in an office
environment such as letters, memos, reports, contracts or invoices. The
receiver of such a document should be able to render the document on
a printer or a computer screen in the form specified by the sender, but
he or she should also be able to process the document, for example, to
modify its content or its visual appearance.
The origins of ISO 8613 reach back to the early 1980s when the de
velopment of standards for electronic document interchange started. The
first efforts leading to ISO 8613 in its present form started 1982 within
ECMA, the European Computer Manufacturers Association, which pub
lished the ECMA Standard 101 in 1985. ECMA 101 contained already
all the essential concepts of ISO 8613. (In the meantime, ECMA 101 has
been aligned to ISO 8613.)
The ECMA project initiated parallel projects within ISO (assigned to
Working Groups 3 and 5 of TC 97/SC 18 which was established in 1981)
and CCITT (assigned to Study Group VIII which formed a close liaison
with SC 18 in 1983). In 1984, CCITT published the Recommendation
T.73 which can also be considered a predecessor oflSO 8613 and the T.41O
series of Recommendations. Within the ISO Reference Model for Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) ISO 8613 belongs in layer 7 (Application
Layer).
In 1990, the name of ISO 8613 was changed to "Open Document Ar
chitecture (ODA) and Interchange Format", firstly, to align with the
VI Preface
CCITT Recommendations and, secondly, to express the broader scope
of the Standard which is not only directed to the office world, though the
origins of the Standard come out of this area. ISO/IEC JTC l/SC 18,
the successor of ISO TC 97/SC 18, decided that this name change will
officially take place with the republication of ISO 8613, probably in 1992.
At present, a reference to ISO 8613 both with the terms "Office" and
"Open" can be considered correct.
This book gives an introduction to the ISO Standard 8613, but it can
also be regarded as an introduction to the CCITT Recommendations of
the T.41O series since both are technically almost identical. It is primarily
addressed to readers who want to explore the applicability of the Standard
to their needs, who plan to introduce systems conforming to the Standard
within their document processing environment or who intend to develop
systems based on the Standard. In the latter case, a thorough reading of
the Standard itself is necessary, of course: this introduction cannot deal
with all details of the Standard since ISO 8613 comprises about 700 p • .ges
present.
a~
Furthermore, it should be noted that extensions of ISO 8613 are cur
rently under development and also modifications to the existing text are
to be expected, for instance, when errors in the Standard are found. This
book describes the state of the Standard in Spring 1991, reflecting the
extensions and modifications since the first publication of the Standard
in 1989.
The structure of the book follows essentially the structure of the Stan
dard itself which is divided into eight parts. Between these parts there
exist sometimes rather complex interrelations. When reading this book
for the first time, it is therefore not sensible to read the book completely
from the first to the last page, since sometimes details will only be under
standable when terms and concepts introduced at later places in the book
are already known. For a first reading, it is therefore recommended to
read Chap. 1 ("Structure of the Standard") and from the other chapters
only the first section (Le., 2.1, 3.1, etc.). Afterwards the reader should
have a sufficient overview of the whole Standard to allow a complete
reading of the book.
Sankt Augustin, May 1991 Wolfgang Appelt
Table of Contents
1 The Structure of the Standard 1
2 Part 1: Introduction and General Principles 5
2.1 The Basic Concepts of ODA ....... . 5
2.1.1 Logical Structures and Layout Structures 5
2.1. 2 Document Classes . . . . . . 13
2.1.3 The Document Processing Model 17
2.1.4 The Document Profile .... 19
2.2 Document Application Profiles 20
2.2.1 The Content of Document Application Profiles 24
2.2.2 Example of a Document Application Profile . 26
2.2.3 The Document Application Profile Proforma and
Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
2.3 Conformance ....... . 33
3 Part 2: Document Structures . 37
3.1 Representation of the Document Structures. 37
3.1.1 The Constituents of the Specific Logical Structure 44
3.1.2 The Constituents of the Specific Layout Structure 47
3.1.3 The Constituents of the Generic Logical Structure 54
3.1.4 The Constituents of the Generic Layout Structure 58
3.1.5 Content Portions and Styles . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.1.6 The Constituents of the Protected Document Part 66
3.2 Attributes of the Document Structures . . . . . . 67
3.2.1 Attributes for Specific and Generic Structures 67
3.2.2 Data Types of Attribute Values 68
3.2.3 Expressions as Attribute Values 73
3.2.4 Classification of the Attributes . 84
3.2.5 Attributes for the Identification of Constituents 88
3.2.6 Attributes for the Creation of Structures 90
3.2.7 Attributes for References 96
3.2.8 Attributes for Describing the Content of a Document 98
VIII Table of Contents
3.2.9 Attributes for the Inclusion of Comments 108
3.2.10 Attributes for Controlling the Layout Process . 110
3.2.11 Attributes for Controlling the Imaging Process 132
3.2.12 Security Attributes 135
3.2.13 Other Attributes 137
3.2.14 Alternative Descriptions 140
3.2.15 Complete Generator Sets, Partial Generator Sets
and Factor Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
3.2.16 Determination of Attribute Values for Defaultable
Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 144
3.2.17 Determination of Values for Attributes of Styles 147
3.2.18 Measurement Units . . . . . 147
3.3 Components of ODA Documents 148
3.3.1 Document Architecture Classes 148
3.3.2 Documents Containing Only a Document Profile 150
3.3.3 Simple-Structured CCITT Documents 150
3.4 Storage and Interchange of ODA Documents 152
3.4.1 Generic Documents. . . . . . . . . 152
3.4.2 External Document Class Descriptions 153
3.4.3 Resource Documents 154
3.5 Security Aspects 154
3.5.1 Encipherment . . . 156
3.5.2 Seals . . . . . . . 158
3.6 The Processing of ODA Documents 160
3.6.1 The Editing Process 160
3.6.2 The Layout Process 161
3.6.3 The Imaging Process 174
4 Part 4: The Document Profile 179
4.1 Constituents of the Document Profile 180
4.2 The Attributes of the Document Profile 182
4.2.1 Data Types for the Attribute Values of the
Document Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
4.2.2 Specification of Implementation Requirements 183
4.2.3 Specification of the Document Structures 185
4.2.4 References to Other Documents . . . . 187
4.2.5 Specification of Character Sets . . . . . 189
4.2.6 Relations to a Document Application Profile 190
4.2.7 Content Related Specifications . . . . . . . 192
4.2.8 Time Related Specifications . . . . . . . 194
4.2.9 Specifications of the Development of the Document 195
Table of Contents IX
4.2.10 Relations to Other Documents 197
4.2.11 Access to the Document 198
4.2.12 Security Attributes 199
4.2.13 Additional Specifications 205
5 Part 5: Office Document Interchange Format (ODIF) 207
5.1 The Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) 208
5.2 Additional Encoding Rules for ODA Documents. 212
6 Part 6: Character Content Architectures 215
6.1 The ODA Model for Character Content 215
6.1.1 Characters ...... 215
6.1.2 Positioning of Characters 217
6.1.3 Arrangement of Lines . . 226
6.1.4 Emphasis of Text. . . . 226
6.2 Attributes for Character Content 227
6.2.1 Presentation Attributes for Character Content 227
6.2.2 Other Attributes . . . . . . . . . 239
6.3 Control Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.4 The Layout Process for Character Content 251
6.4.1 Formatting of the Content. . . . . 255
6.4.2 Combining and Splitting Content. . 259
6.5 The Imaging Process for Character Content 260
7 Part 7: Raster Graphics Content Architectures .. 261
7.1 The ODA Model for Raster Graphics 261
7.2 Attributes for Raster Graphics 264
7.2.1 Coding Attributes for Raster Graphics 266
7.2.2 Presentation Attributes for Raster Graphics 269
7.2.3 Other Attributes for Raster Graphics . . . 273
7.3 The Layout Process for Raster Graphics . . . . 275
7.3.1 The Fixed Dimension Method of the Layout Process 277
7.3.2 The Scalable Dimension Method of the Layout Process 277
7.4 The Imaging Process for Raster Graphics. . . . . .. 283
8 Part 8: Geometric Graphics Content Architectures 285
8.1 The ODA Model for Geometric Graphics . . . . . .. 285
8.2 Attributes for Geometric Graphics . . . . . . . . .. 288
8.2.1 Data Types of Attribute Values"for Geometric Graphics 289
8.2.2 Presentation Attributes for Geometric Graphics 289
8.2.3 Other Attributes for Geometric Graphics 305
X Table of Contents
8.3 The Layout Process for Geometric Graphics 306
8.4 The Imaging Process for Geometric Graphics 312
9 Part 10: Formal Specifications 315
9.1 The Goal of the Formal Specifications 315
9.2 The Formal Description Technique. . . 317
9.3 The Formal Specifications of the Document Structures 322
9.4 Applications of the Formal Specifications . . . . . . 327
10 Annex: Modifications and Extensions of ISO 8613 331
10.1 Technical Corrigenda .............. 331
10.2 Addendum on Document Application Profile Proforma
and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
10.3 Addendum on Styles . . . . . . . . . 333
10.4 Addendum on Alternate Representations 333
10.5 Addendum on Security . . . . . . . 334
10.6 Addendum on Tiled Raster Graphics 334
10.7 Expected Extensions . 335
Index . . . . . . . . . 337
1 The Structure of the Standard
The ODA Standard - the widely known acronym aDA will often be used
when referring to ISO 8613 - consists of eight parts:
Part 1: Introduction and general principles
Part 2: Document structures
Part 4: Document profile
Part 5: Office document interchange format (ODIF)
Part 6: Character content architectures
Part 7: Raster graphics content architectures
Part 8: Geometric graphics content architectures
Part 10: Formal specifications
At present, Parts 3 and 9 do not exist. During the development of
ISO 8613 the Standard was structured a little differently, including also a
Part 3. At a rather late stage, however, when Parts 6,7 and 8 were almost
finished, a restructuring was considered necessary, making the previous
Part 3 obsolete. Given the time constraints a renumbering of the parts
was not carried out since, due to the numerous cross-references between
the parts, this would have required major editorial modifications. (There
is also no CCITT Recommendation T.413.)
Part 10 of the Standard was published 1990, about one year after the
first publication of ISO 8613. The formal specifications did not become
Part 9 since this number was already assigned to a further content ar
chitecture, namely audio content, i.e., it is expected that Part 9, Audio
content architectures, will be published. Work on this Part 9 has already
started.
Between these parts of the Standard there are more or less extensive
cross-relations. The first part, Introduction and general principles, pro
vides a general overview of the Standard and contains especially numerous
definitions of terms used in this and other parts of the Standard.
Part 2, Document structures, can be regarded as the central part of
the whole Standard in which the general structural concepts for ODA
documents are specified. In this part, however, the actual content of