Diversification in aquaculture as a response to drivers, including climate change

166 Pages·2017·2.82 MB·English

FAO ISSN
47 FISHERIES AND 20
AQUACULTURE 70
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FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS
Planning for aquaculture
diversification: the importance of
Planning for aquaculture
climate change and other drivers
diversification: the importance of
FAO Technical Workshop
23–25 June 2016 Pla climate change and other drivers
FAO Rome, Italy n
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Aquaculture is the world’s most diverse farming system in terms fo
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of number of species, methods and the environments where the aq FAO Technical Workshop
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farms are located. These proceedings report the results of a c
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workshop convened by FAO and World Fisheries Trust (Canada) to ltu FAO Rome, Italy
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summarize diversification successes and opportunities in North d
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America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Africa, and to e
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identify general principles that can help guide diversification in ifi
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aquaculture.The document includes an assessment of main tio
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strategies and future steps for aquaculture diversification, not : t
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only in terms of purely economic costs but also in development im
costs, including evaluation and mitigation of environmental and p
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ISBN 978-92-5-109788-5 ISSN 2070-6103
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I7358EN/1/06.17
Cover design: José Luis Castilla Civit
FAO
FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE
PROCEEDINGS
47
Planning for aquaculture
diversification: the importance of
climate change and other drivers
FAO Technical Workshop
23–25 June 2016
FAO Rome, Italy
Edited by
Brian Harvey
President
Fugu Fisheries Ltd.
Nanaimo, Canada
Doris Soto
Senior Scientist, INCAR, the Republic of Chile
Former Senior Aquaculture Officer, FAO, Rome
Puerto Montt, the Republic of Chile
Joachim Carolsfeld
Executive Director
World Fisheries Trust
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Malcolm Beveridge
Acting Branch Head, FIAA
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Rome, Italy
and
Devin M. Bartley
Senior Research Associate
World Fisheries Trust
Rome, Italy

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2017
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iii
Preparation of this document
This publication is the proceedings of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations expert technical workshop on Planning for aquaculture diversification:
the importance of climate change and other drivers, which was held in Rome, Italy,
23–25 June, 2016 and organized by the Aquaculture Branch of the Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department and World Fisheries Trust (Canada). The workshop was
attended by 16 internationally renowned experts from nine countries representing the
private sector, industry, academia, government and research organizations, and five staff
members from FAO. The workshop was financed by the Government of the Kingdom
of Norway whose support is gratefully acknowledged.
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Abstract
Aquaculture is the world’s most diverse farming system in terms of number of species,
methods and the environments where the farms are located. Member countries are
increasingly requesting guidance from FAO regarding diversification of aquaculture
as wild fisheries reach their limits, human population grows and the demand for
aquatic plants and animals for food and other uses increases. In response to these
requests, FAO and World Fisheries Trust (Canada) convened the workshop Planning
for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers.
Although there is an ever-increasing number of species being farmed in aquaculture and
diversification is high in some cases, further diversification is constrained by limitations
in technology, profitability, regulations, sustainability and enabling environments that
include community acceptance. However, the natural diversity and diminishing stocks
of capture fisheries provide an ongoing incentive to diversify and farm new animals and
plants.
The workshop identified three main strategies for aquaculture diversification:
1) increase the number of species being farmed; 2) increase the evenness of farmed
species; and 3) increase the diversity within currently farmed species by developing
new strains. The workshop identified some primary drivers of diversification: market
demand (including export opportunities), funding opportunities, competition and
climate change, as well as other environmental and social factors.
Diversification of species and culture systems and a more even distribution of
production could provide resilience in the face of a changing climate and other external
drivers and add economic, social and ecological insurance to aquaculture systems.
However, diversification is not without risks and may not always be a viable means to
increase fish production. In addition to purely economic costs there will be associated
development costs, including evaluation and mitigation of environmental and social
impacts and establishment of species-specific biosecurity frameworks. The workshop
identified general principles that can help guide diversification in aquaculture.
Harvey, B., Soto, D., Carolsfeld, J., Beveridge, M. & Bartley, D.M. eds. 2017. Planning
for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers. FAO
Technical Workshop, 23–25 June 2016, FAO Rome. FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Proceedings No. 47. Rome, FAO. 166 pp.
v
Contents
Preparation of this document iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgements vi
Abbreviations and acronyms vii

Genesis of the workshop 1
Background 1
Objectives 2
Deliberations of the workshop 2
Aquaculture data 2
Concept of diversification in aquaculture 2
Drivers of diversification 4
Constraints to diversification 5
Regional patterns of diversification 5
Key issues 6
Advice to member countries 8
Principles for aquaculture diversification 8

APPENDIXES
APPENDIX 1: Agenda of the workshop on Aquaculture diversification as an
adaptation approach to climate change and other external forcing
factors 11
APPENDIX 2: List of Participants 13
APPENDIX 3: Technical presentations 15
Paper 1: Diversification in aquaculture: species, farmed types and
culture systems 15
Paper 2: Aquaculture diversification in europe: The Kingdom of
Spain and the Kingdom of Norway 37
Paper 3: Aquaculture diversification in South America: general
views and facts and case studies of the Republic of Chile
and the federative republic of brazil 51
Paper 4: Diversification of aquaculture in North America 93
Paper 5: Aquaculture diversification in Asia 111
Paper 6: Adaptation of aquaculture to climate and external
forcing in Africa 123
Paper 7: Pathways for aquaculture diversification 135
vi
Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum
broodstock in Tocantins state, northern
Brazil
PHOTO CREDIT: JEFFERSON CHRISTOFOLETTI
vii
Abbreviations and acronyms
AAC Aquaculture Association of Canada
ABCC Brazilian Association of Shrimp Farmers
AGIFISH An Giang Fisheries Import-Export Join Stock Company
APFIC Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
ASC Aquaculture Stewardship Council
ASFA Aquatic Sciences And Fisheries Abstracts
ASFIS Aquatic Sciences And Fisheries Information System
BAP Best Aquaculture Practices
BCSGA British Columbia Shellfish Growers’ Association
BMLP Brazilian Mariculture Linkages Project
BMP best management practice
BNDES Brazilian National Development and Social Bank
CAPES Coordination for the improvement of Higher Level Personnel of the
Ministry of Education, the Federative Republic of Brazil
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
CEPTA Aquaculture Research and Training Center
CERLA Latin American Regional Aquaculture Centre
CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora
CODEVASF Irrigation Development Agency for the São Francisco River
COFI FAO Committee on Fisheries
CP Charoen Pokphand Group
CSA climate-smart agriculture
DEFRA British Department for Food and Rural Affairs
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DNOCS National Department of Works Against Drought
EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FI FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
FLUPSYS floating upwelling systems
GAA Global Aquaculture Alliance
GAP good aquaculture practices
GDP gross domestic product
GIFT Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia
GMO genetically modified organisms
viii Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers
GMT genetically male tilapia
HACCP hazard analysis and critical control point
HHI Herfindal-Hirschman Index
IBGE Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics
IMNV infectious myonecrosis virus
IMTA integrated multitrophic aquaculture
IMTA/SEA integrated multitrophic aquaculture/sustainable ecological aquaculture
IPqM Marine Research Institute, Federative Republic of Brazil
IRD Research Institute for Development France
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LMP large market products
MAGRAMA Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment
MARM Spanish Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs
MPA Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture
MSC Marine Stewardship Council
NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
NAP National Adaptation Planning
NGO non-governmental organization
NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service
NMP niche market products
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOK Norwegian krone
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
pCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PEIXEBR Brazilian Fish Farming Association
pH potential of hydrogen
PLs post-larvae
PLDM local plans for mariculture development
RAS recirculating aquaculture systems
R&D research and development
SA South America
SEAfood Sustainable Ecological Aquaculture
SoW AqGR State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources
SPC The Pacific Community
STECF Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries
SQF safe quality food
SWOT strengths, weaknesses opportunities, threats
TPA tonnes per annum
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNESP State University of São Paulo
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
WFC World Fisheries Congress
WFT World Fisheries Trust