Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water. Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure

291 Pages·2012·1.695 MB·English

by  John Colt (Auth.)

Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water
Dissolved Gas
Concentration
in Water
Computation as Functions of
Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
Second Edition
John Colt
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
National Marine Fisheries Service
Seattle, WA, USA
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
PARIS SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Elsevier
32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
FirsteditionbyAmericanFisheriesSociety,Bethesda,Maryland1984
Secondedition2012
Copyrightr2012ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,
furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementwithorganizations
suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour
website:www.elsevier.com/permissions
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment
maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In
usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof
others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,
assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts
liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,
instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-12-415916-7
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteatelsevierdirect.com
ThisbookhasbeenmanufacturedusingPrintOnDemandtechnology.Eachcopyisproduced
toorderandislimitedtoblackink.Theonlineversionofthisbookwillshowcolorfigures
whereappropriate.
Guide to Gas Solubility Tables
and Physical Properties
Solubilityinµmol/kgornmol/kg
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.2{25} 2.1{78} 2.2{79} 6.1{216},6.2{217}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.3{26} 2.3{80} 2.4{81}
2
Argon(Ar) 1.4{27} 2.5{82} 2.6{83}
Carbondioxide 1.5{28} 2.7{84} 2.8{85} 6.3{218},6.4{219}
(CO )in2010
2
Carbondioxide 1.6{29} 2.9{87} 2.10{88} 6.5{220},6.6{211}
(CO )in2030
2
Helium(He) 4.1{182} 4.2{183}
Neon(Ne) 4.5{186} 4.6{187}
Krypton(Kr) 4.9{190} 4.10{191}
Xenon(Xe) 4.13{194} 4.14{195}
Hydrogen(H ) 5.1{201} 5.2{202}
2
Methane(CH ) 5.5{205} 5.6{206}
4
Nitrousoxide 5.9{209} 5.10{210}
(N O)
2
Solubilityinmg/L
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.9{32} 2.11{88} 2.12{89} 6.7{222},6.8{223}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.10{33} 2.13{90} 2.14{91}
2
Argon(Ar) 1.11{34} 2.15{92} 2.16{93}
Carbondioxide 1.12{35} 2.17{94} 2.18{95} 6.9{224},6.10{225}
(CO )in2010
2
Carbondioxide 1.13{36} 2.19{96} 2.20{97} 6.11{226},6.12{227}
(CO )in2030
2
viii GuidetoGasSolubilityTablesandPhysicalProperties
SolubilityinmL/L
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.14{37}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.15{38}
2
Argon(Ar) 1.16{39}
Carbondioxide 1.17{40}
(CO )in2010
2
Carbondioxide 1.18{41}
(CO )in2030
2
GasTension(mmHg/(mg/L))
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.44{67} 2.45{122} 2.46{123}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.45{68} 2.47{124} 2.48{125}
2
Argon(Ar) 1.46{69} 2.49{126} 2.50{127}
Nitrogen1Argon 1.47{70} 2.51{128} 2.52{129}
(N 1Ar)
2
Carbondioxide 1.48{71} 2.53{130} 2.54{131}
(CO )
2
BunsenCoefficient(L/(Latm))
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.32{55} 2.25{102} 2.26{103} 6.13{228},6.14{229}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.33{56} 2.27{104} 2.28{105}
2
Nitrogen1Argon 3.3{153} 3.4{154} 3.5{155}
(N 1Ar)
2
Argon(Ar) 1.34{57} 2.29{106} 2.30{107}
Carbondioxide 1.35{58} 2.31{108} 2.32{109} 6.15{230},6.16{231}
(CO )
2
Helium(He) 4.3{184} 4.4{185}
Neon(Ne) 4.7{188} 4.8{189}
Krypton(Kr) 4.11{192} 4.12{193}
Xenon(Xe) 4.15{196} 4.16{197}
Hydrogen(H ) 5.3{203} 5.4{204}
2
Methane(CH ) 5.7{207} 5.8{208}
4
Nitrousoxide 5.11{211} 5.12{212}
(N O)
2
GuidetoGasSolubilityTablesandPhysicalProperties ix
BunsenCoefficient(L/(LmmHg))
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.36{59} 2.33{110} 2.34{111}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.37{60} 2.35{112} 2.36{113}
2
Argon(Ar) 1.38{61} 2.37{114} 2.38{115}
Carbondioxide(CO ) 1.39{62} 2.39{116} 2.40{117}
2
BunsenCoefficient(L/(LkPa))
Gas Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Oxygen(O ) 1.40{63}
2
Nitrogen(N ) 1.41{64}
2
Argon(Ar) 1.42{65}
Carbondioxide(CO ) 1.43{66}
2
PhysicalPropertiesofWater
Parameter Freshwater Seawater Seawater Brine
(0(cid:1)40g/kg) (33(cid:1)37g/kg) (0(cid:1)225g/kg)
Density 7.1{238} 7.2{239} 7.3{240} 6.19{234},6.20{235}
Specificweight
kN/m3 7.4{241}
mmHg/m 1.29{52} 2.43{120}
kPa/m 1.30{53} 2.44{121}
Vaporpressure
mmHg 1.21{44} 2.41{118}, 6.17{231},6.18{233}
7.5{242}
kPa 1.22{45} 2.42{119}
Atmosphere 1.23{46}
psi 1.24{47}
Heatcapacity 7.6{243}
Viscosity 7.7{244}
Kinematicviscosity 7.8{245}
Surfacetension 7.9{246}
Heatofvaporization 7.10{247}
Table and Page Index
Table Page Table Page Table Page Table Page Table Page
1.1 4 1.41 64 2.33 110 4.7 188 6.19 234
1.2 25 1.42 65 2.34 111 4.8 189 6.20 235
1.3 26 1.43 66 2.35 112 4.9 190 7.1 238
1.4 27 1.44 67 2.36 113 4.10 191 7.2 239
1.5 28 1.45 68 2.37 114 4.11 192 7.3 240
1.6 29 1.46 69 2.38 115 4.12 193 7.4 241
1.7 30 1.47 70 2.39 116 4.13 194 7.5 242
1.8 31 1.48 71 2.40 117 4.14 195 7.6 243
1.9 32 2.1 78 2.41 118 4.15 196 7.7 244
1.10 33 2.2 79 2.42 119 4.16 197 7.8 245
1.11 34 2.3 80 2.43 120 5.1 201 7.9 246
1.12 35 2.4 81 2.44 121 5.2 202 7.10 247
1.13 36 2.5 82 2.45 122 5.3 203 A-1 255
1.14 37 2.6 83 2.46 123 5.4 204 A-2 257
1.15 38 2.7 84 2.47 124 5.5 205 A-3 258
1.16 39 2.8 85 2.48 125 5.6 206 C-1 278
1.17 40 2.9 86 2.49 126 5.7 207 C-2 279
1.18 41 2.10 87 2.50 127 5.8 208 C-3 282
1.19 42 2.11 88 2.51 128 5.9 209 C-4 283
1.20 43 2.12 89 2.52 129 5.10 210 D-1 287
1.21 44 2.13 90 2.53 130 5.11 211 D-2 288
1.22 45 2.14 91 2.54 131 5.12 212 D-3 289
1.23 46 2.15 92 3.1 142 6.1 216
1.24 47 2.16 93 3.2 152 6.2 217
1.25 48 2.17 94 3.3 153 6.3 218
1.26 49 2.18 95 3.4 154 6.4 219
1.27 50 2.19 96 3.5 155 6.5 220
1.28 51 2.20 97 3.6 161 6.6 221
1.29 52 2.21 98 3.7 162 6.7 222
1.30 53 2.22 99 3.8 166 6.8 223
1.31 54 2.23 100 3.9 167 6.9 224
1.32 55 2.24 101 3.10 171 6.10 225
1.33 56 2.25 102 3.11 172 6.11 226
1.34 57 2.26 103 3.12 176 6.12 227
1.35 58 2.27 104 4.1 182 6.13 228
1.36 59 2.28 105 4.2 183 6.14 229
1.37 60 2.29 106 4.3 184 6.15 230
1.38 61 2.30 107 4.4 185 6.16 231
1.39 62 2.31 108 4.5 186 6.17 232
1.40 63 2.32 109 4.6 187 6.18 233
Example Problems Index
Number ProblemStatement Page
1-1 Convertthestandardairsolubilityconcentrationofoxygenin 6
μmol/kgtomg/L,mLrealgas/L,mLidealgas/Land
μg-atom/L.
1-2 Standardairsolubilityofatmosphericgasesinμmol/kg,mg/L, 7
andmL/L.
1-3 Standardairsolubilityofcarbondioxideinyears2010,2020,and 9
2030.
1-4 Computethedecreaseinthesaturationconcentrationofthemajor 12
atmosphericgasesifthebarometricpressuredropsfrom760to
456mmHg.
1-5 Computethedifferenceintheairsolubilityconcentrationof 16
oxygenbetween200and1800m.
1-6 Computethesolubilityofthemajoratmosphericgaseswhen 20
χ51.00.
1-7 Computethesolubilityofthemajoratmosphericgaseswhen 21
χ50.50andthegaugepressureisequalto15.0mofwater.
1-8 Computethesolubilityofthemajoratmosphericgasesinair 22
usingtheBunsencoefficients.
1-9 Computethepartialpressureofthemajoratmosphericgasesin 24
theliquidphase(gastension).
2-1 Computethestandardairsolubilityconcentrationofthefour 75
majoratmosphericgasesinμmol/kg.
2-2 Computethestandardairsolubilityconcentrationofoxygenin 76
termsofmg/LandgastensioninmmHg.
3-1 Computepartialpressuresandgastensionsofthemajor 135
atmosphericgases.
3-2 ComputetheTGP(mmHg)andTGP(%)fromΔP. 137
3-3 ComputetheTGPandpartialpressuresofoxygen, 141
nitrogen1argon,andcarbondioxidefromindividualgas
concentrations.
3-4 ComputetheΔP,ΔPO2;ΔPN21Ar;andΔPCO2 fromindividual 144
gasconcentrations.
3-5 Computethetotalgaspressureinpercentandpercentsaturation 146
foroxygen,nitrogen1argon,andcarbondioxidefrom
individualgasconcentrations.
3-6 ComputeΔP,TGP,N 1Ar(mmHg),andN 1Ar(%)from 148
2 2
individualgasconcentrations.
xiv ExampleProblemsIndex
Number ProblemStatement Page
33--87 CCoommppuutteeΔthePvaanldueNso1fβANr21(mAmr aHngd)AfrNo2m1Airn:dividualgas 115506
2
concentrations.
3-9 ComputeΔPandN 1Ar(mmHg)assumingthatβ andA 156
2 N2 N2
canbeused.
3-10 ComputeΔPandTGP(%)fromobservationsexpressedinterms 158
ofolderequations.
3-11 ComputeΔPfromN 1Ar(%)andO (%). 159
2 2
3-12 ComputetheTGP(%)andTGP ,ΔP ,and 160
uncomp uncomp
compensationdepth.
3-13 ComputetheΔPintheeffluentfromthenuclearpowerplant. 163
3-14 Computethepercentsaturationofoxygen,nitrogen,argon, 168
carbondioxide,andtotalgasconcentrationinmg/Lwhen
waterisheated.
3-15 Computethepercentnitrogen1argonsaturationinamixtureof 173
watersatdifferenttemperatures.
3-16 Computethenitrogensaturationresultingfromthemixingoftwo 175
waterswithdifferentsalinities.
3-17 ComputetheΔPbelowadam. 178
4-1 Computethestandardairsolubilityconcentrationofhelium, 179
neon,krypton,andxenon.
4-2 Computetheairsolubilityconcentrationofhelium,neon, 180
krypton,andxenonatanelevation.
4-3 ListtheBunsencoefficientsforthenoblegases. 181
5-1 Computethegastensionofthetracegases. 200
6-1 Comparethestandardairsolubilityconcentrationofoxygenin 215
μmol/kgformarineconditionsandasodiumchloridebrine.
Introduction
Gassolubilitydataarerequiredforavarietyofoceanographic,limnological,fisher-
ies engineering, aquacultural, and engineering applications. The maintenance of an
adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen is a major problem in the culture of
aquatic animals. Low levels of dissolved oxygen can reduce the growth of cultured
animals, decrease feed utilization, increase disease problems, and result in massive
mortality. In very high intensity culture systems, the buildup of carbon dioxide
must be controlled. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations are also a problem in
lakes, streams, and marine conditions due to both natural and man-made causes.
Undercertainconditions,supersaturationofdissolvedgasescanbelethaltoaquatic
animals.Theeffectsofgassupersaturationdependonthedegreeofsupersaturation,
the gas composition, and the position of the animal in the water column. In the
marine environment, information on the supersaturation of inert gases can be used
aspowerfultracersofphysicalandbiologicalprocesses.
Both the measurement and control of dissolved gas concentrations depend on an
accurate knowledge of equilibrium concentrations. It is necessary to be able to
compute the equilibrium concentration as a function of temperature, salinity, pres-
sure,andgascomposition.Thisbookisdividedintosevenmajorsections:
1. Solubilityofmajoratmosphericgasesinfreshwater
2. Solubilityofmajoratmosphericgasesinmarinewaters
3. Computationandreportingofgassupersaturationlevels
4. Solubilityofnoblegases
5. Solubilityoftracegases
6. Solubilityofgasesinbrines
7. Physicalpropertiesofwater.
The most accurate gas solubility relationships are computationally complex.
This type of information is needed for some applications. For some engineering
applications, however, the accuracy requirements are typically not as restrictive, so
simplersolubilityrelationshipscanbeused.
Solubility data are presented in the text in both equation and tabular form. With
this information, the equilibrium concentrations of pure gases, air, or mixtures of
gases can be computed. In most cases, interpolation should not be needed. Sample
problemsareincludedineachsection.
Two additional stand-alone programsare provided toestimategassolubilityasa
function of temperature, pressure, salinity, and gas composition. AIRSAT is an
executable program for Windows computers that computes the standard air solubil-
ityconcentrationorairsolubilityofthe11gasespresentedinthisbook.Thesecond