Dispatch...Volume 5, Number 19...U.S. Department of State...May 9, 1994

33 Pages·1994·9.9 MB·English

by  United States Department of State

-— 2
U.S. Pledge to South Africa:
Building Upon a Newfound Freedom
President Clinton, Vice President Gore
U.S. Security Policy in Korea
Secretary of Defense William Perry 275
Promoting Democracy
And Prosperity in Central Asia
Acting Secretary Talbott 280
Fact Sheets: Central Asian Republics 282
Fact Sheet: Georgia 296
1, May 9, 1994 e¢ Volume 5, Number 19
Oa |
Volume 5, Number 19 May 9, 1994
Warren Christopher
Secretary of State
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South Africa
Through the programs of 10 U.S.
Government agencies, we will work
U.S. Pledge to South Africa:
with South Africans to help meet the
needs which they identify—to build
Building Upon a Newfound Freedom
homes and hospitals, to provide
better education, and to promote good
President Clinton, Vice President Gore governance and economic development.
I’m writing to the leaders of the
Statements at event following South African elections, other G-7 countries and asking them to
Washington, DC, May 5, 1994 join us in expanding assistance to
South Africa. And we urge the inter-
national financial institutions, such as
the World Bank, to do the same.
President Clinton. Thank you very successful market economy; and that
Next week, I’m also sending an
much. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome enabling the citizens of South Africa to
official delegation to South Africa for
to all of you. Last week we watched reach their potential, economically is
President Mandela’s inauguration.
with wonder as the citizens of South critical to preserving the tolerant
Vice President Gore will lead the trip,
Africa went to the polls—as voters democracy. To show that reconciliation
along with Mrs. Gore. They’ll be joined
lined up for miles and miles, coming on and democracy can bring tangible
by the First Lady, Secretary Brown,
crutches and in wheelchairs, waiting benefits, others will have to help. I’m
Secretary Espy, and many others,
patiently, crossing the countryside to convinced that South Africa can
including those here in the audience
exercise their franchise—to create a become a model for the entire conti-
today.
new nation conceived in liberty and nent. And America must be a new and
We are taking these actions
empowered by their redemptive full partner with that new government,
because we have important interests
suffering. so that it can deliver on its promise as
at stake in the success of South Africa’s
I have just spoken with President- quickly as possible.
journey. We have an economic interest
elect Mandela and with President We've already begun. Over the
in a thriving South Africa that will
de Klerk. I congratulated Mr. Mandela past year, the United States sent
seek our exports and generate greater
on his victory and told President de experts to South Africa to help them
prosperity throughout the region. We
Klerk that he clearly deserves tremen- negotiate the new constitution. We
have a security interest in a stable,
dous credit for his leadership. Their provided considerable assistance to
democratic South Africa working
courage, their statesmanship—along help their elections work. We lifted
with its neighbors to restore and
with the leadership of Chief Buthelezi sanctions. We sent two trade and
secure peace. We have a clear moral
and others—has made this transition investment missions to lay the ground-
interest. We have had our own difficult
smoother than many thought possible. work for greater economic cooperation.
struggles over racial division, and still
South Africa is free today because And we had a very fine American
we grapple with the challenges of
of the choices its leaders and people delegation of election observers there
drawing strength from our own
made. Their actions have been an during the recent elections. I’d like
diversity. That is why the powerful
inspiration. We can also be proud of especially to thank the leader of that
images of South Africa’s elections
America’s rcie in this great drama. delegation, the Rev. Jesse Jackson, for
resonated so deeply in the souolfs al l
Because those of you here today and his outstanding contributions to the
Americans.
many others have helped to keep success of the South African elections.
Whether in South Africa or
freedom’s flame lit during the dark Thank you, sir.
America, we know there is no finish
night of apartheid, Congress enacted Today I am announcing a substan-
line to de s work. Developing
sanctions to help squeeze legitimacy tial increase in our efforts to promote
habits of tolerance and respect, creat-
from the apartheid regime. Students trade, aid, and investment in South
ing opportunity for all our citizens—
marched in solidarity. Stockholders Africa. Over the next three years
these efforts are never completely
held their companies to higher ethical we will provide and leverage about
done. But let us savor the fact that
standards. America’s churches—both $600 million in funds to South Africa.
South Africa now has the chance to
black and white—took up the mantle For this fiscai year, we have increased
begin that noble and vital work.
of moral leadership. And throughout assistance from $83 million to $143 mil-
Thirty-three years ago, Albert
the fight, American civil rights leaders lion. Along with guarantees and other
Luthuli became the first of four South
here helped to lead the way. Through- means, our resources—which will be
Africtoa wnins t he Nobel Peace Prize.
out, South Africa’s cause also has mobilized for next year—will exceed
As he accepted the award, he described
been an American cause. Last week’s $200 million.
his people as, and I quote,
miracle came to pass in part because of
America’s help. Now we must not turn ... living testimony to the unconquerable
our backs. spiorf mianktind . Down the years they
Let me begin by saying that we have sought the goal of fuller life and
Diepatch SupplVeolm. 5e, Nno.t 3. 0 liberty, striving with incredible determina-
all know South Africa faces a task of
tion and fortitude.
building a tolerant democracy and a
U.S. Deparoft Stmatee Dnisptat ch « May9 , 1994 © Vol. 5, No. 19 /
South Africa
Director Carol Bellamy of the I will have an opportunity, along
Today, that fortitude and the
Peace Corps is here; Administrator with several members of the delega-
strivings of generations have begun to
Brian Atwood of USAID; Ruth Harkin, tion, to talk to the leaders of other
bear fruit. Together, we must help all
President of OPIC; Ambassador Harry nations in Africa that are in various
South Africans build on their newfound
Schwarz, who will be coming to the stages of the transition to free-market
freedom. Thank you very much.
podium in a moment; ANC Representa- democracies. I’ll be visiting Namibia
And now I’d like to ask the Vice
tive Kingsley Makhubela, who will also and Benin, as well as Cape Verde, on
President to come forward to make
be comitno gth e podium in justa the way back from the inaugural
some acknowledgments and some
moment; and other distinguished events.
remarks and to talk a little about the
guests, including the members of the Even as we focus today on assis-
historic trip that the American delega-
Presidential delegation, composed of tance to South Africa, we are mindful
tion he will lead is about to make.
extraordinary individuals who contrib- of the importance of encouraging
Mr. Vice President.
uted in a very personal way to the development throughout Southern
Vice President Gore. Thank you
magnificent transformation taking Africa and beyond. South Africa’s
very much, Mr. President. May I begin
place in South Africa. successful transformation will
by acknowledging the presence of the
Each of you here today can be support these goals and give hope
delegation, which will be accompanying
proud of the role that you played in to all who love freedom. The monu-
the First Lady and Tipper and me to
dismantling apartheid. You led the mental statesmanship demonstrated
South Africa. You know from listening
way in one of the great moral struggles by President-elect Mandela and
to conversations among the three of us
of this century. President F.W. de Klerk provides a
that we’re very excited about this trip.
May I say that you will be getting shining example to help restore peace
It is one of the great moments in
calls today—we could not call you in nations like Mozambique, Bosnia,
history.
earlier—inviting you to a gathering at Haiti, Rwanda, Angola, Burundi, and
The last pillars of apartheid are
our residence on Saturday night— elsewhere.
crumbling, and three centuries of
those of you who can come—for the As President-elect Mandela said
injustice are coming to a close. Many
delegation prior to the departure for following the four days of voting, the
have brought about this moment, and
South Africa. I hope that all of you will people of South Africa have been
we are very excited, as I mentioned,
be able to come and join us on that victorious; they have won. He also
about the opportunity to witness this
occasion. spoke to those around the world who
transformation.
There are a number of Members believe in the struggle for justice and
May I acknowledge Secretary
of Congress who were extremely democracy and self-government. And
Espy, who is going to be joining us in
instrumental in raising the level of in eloquent words he said this is your
the delegation; your National Security
awareness in America to the horrors victory, too.
Adviser, Mr. President, Tony Lake,
of apartheid. Unfortunately, due to On a personal note, I thought back
who has worked tirelessly in the last
key votes scheduled today on Capitol to the Sunday morning—U.S. time—
16 months and in other capacities prior
Hill, these members could not join us not that many years ago, when Nelson
to this Administration to help bring
for this event, but they deserve special Mandela was released from prison.
about this moment; and Ambassador
recognition for their role in bringing Our youngest child was the only one
Talbott of the State Department and
us to the thresofh noew lerda in awake, and I was watching the televi-
his colleague, George Moose, from the
South Africa. sion, literally transfixed by the scene
State Department. Mr. Ambassador,
Now the hard work of nurturing unfolding in South Africa. It occurred
thank you for the State Department’s
democracy and strengthening free to me as a parent that—falol rch e
outstanding role in bringing this about.
market reform begins. South Africa times when parents have to explain
There are others who are present
faces a challenge more daunting than terrible, unjust horrors and tragedies
that I would like to mention. The
dismantling apartheid—the challenge in the world, and watch children
President has already mentioned the
of building a nonracial democracy and a contort their faces as they absorb the
Rev. Jesse Jackson in his role as the
culture of tolerance. news that there are terrible things in
leader of the election-monitoring
As President Clinton has made this world they’re growing up in—this
group. Some of you here may not know
abundantly clear, the United States of was a moment, as this inauguration will
that, while there, he received special
America will help. We will be there be a moment, when parents around the
recognition and thanks for the manner
doiounr gpar t. Our work theirs pear t worhadl thde j oy of beianblge t o
in which he and the delegation he led
of President Clinton’s larger strategy explain to their children the deeper
contributed to this outstanding event,
of enlarging the world’s community of meaningof an event that transcends
and played a considerable and impor-
free-market democracies in Africa and the ordinary, lifts the human spirit,
tant role in helping to guaranteaen d
elsewhere. and giveuss a ll hope that the greater
ensure the integrity of this important
capacities that lie within the human
moment in history.
heart can find expression in ways that
274 KR U.S. Deparoft Stmatee Dnistpat ch « May9 , 1994 Vol. 5, No. 19
reshape our world and link the horizons
and give us the opportunity for a much
U.S. Security Policy in Korea
brighter future.
On practical matters, the $600-mil-
lion trade and investment package that
Secretary of Defense William Perry
the President announced today is the
culmination of close cooperation and Address to the Asia Society, Washington, DC, May 3, 1994
commitment between the Congress and
10 executive agencies. It also continues
and builds on the work initiated last fall
oday I would like to talk to you foundation of sustained economic
by Commerce Secretary Ron Brown,
about my recent trip to Korea, growth anywhere is peace and stabil-
when he led a very successful trade and
and, in particular, to try to an- ity, and it is very clear that Northeast
investment mission to South Africa.
swer the critical question that was Asia’s peace and stability has been
Brian Atwood and the U.S. Agency
often posed to me on this trip and since largely the result of America’s military
for International Development also
this trip—that is, how is it possible to strength and its commitment to the
deserve special recognition for cre-
achieve a nuclear-free Korean Penin- region. The key to that commitment
atively expanding the size and cont2nt
sula without creating an unacceptable is the U.S. security relationship with
of their investment s. For the
risk of war? South Korea and with Japan. The big-
first time, USAID will be working with
To achieve that objective, I believe gest threat to the peace and stability
the South African Government to
we must focus on two critical efforts. of that region today emanates from
support its development priorities.
The first is a diplomatic effort. We North Korea.
I’m particularly pleased in this regard
must make every diplomatic move
to be speaking at the USI A-sponsored
to convince North Korthaet aa no n- The Threat
conference on June 3 in Atlanta to
nuclear Korean Peninsula is in
promote business and educational Conventional Forces. North Korea
everyone’s interest and, in particular,
exchanges between the U.S. and South has an unreasonably large conventional
in North Korea’s interest. And North
Africa—June 3 and 4 in Atlanta. military force, which we estimate con-
Korea must understand that the world
OPIC President Ruth Harkin sumes about 25% of its gross domestic
community is united in this goal. The
also led a major business investment product, thereby keeping its citizens
second effort is for the United States
tmhirsesei onU .Sto. -SSoouutthh AAffrriiccaa na nvde natnunroeus nctehdat 2nd South Korea tob e fpirlleyp ared timapto vNeorritshh edK.o reIaf yionuv ecstosm pianr iet s tmhiel i2t5a%ry
could pump millions of dollars into the i with the 3% investedb y the United
>A nerw eer yomntcmneh s North Koreans take a rash action. y
country’s sive Gis ave gia = North Kcrea must understand that States, South Korea, and West Euro-
0— on yh oPo e _ ll starting a war would not only be rash, i countries and the 1% invested by
a ten ——- Africa it would be self-destructive. a ae oeg et Mep eg A e of
chain 2. Penn Corps—and I Today North Korea threatens the wy Sy— _ : a
knowledged Carol Bellamy earlier Pesandcs taebili ty of Northeast Asia, ©O mmic Copriveton.
the Trade and DevelopmenAtg e which holds the world’s fastest-grow. Nt a od within 60 miles
Eximbanthke,U . S.T rade Representa i economies. Btyh e fit yearso fthe Pietra som) mua Oe tm
en nextc entEaust rAsiyaa ,ndt heP acific ¢ft Dhe MZa,nd m ucho thfi s =
— 4 ury will likely account for about one-third riper A.
Minc losing_—before asking our two of the world’s economic activitya,n d _-‘**my hast houseanods A S lr
gueto jsoin tus—sin t he past week,w e Ge eaete Gaetan ty Cease mn theD ME andh ase obtehed
sSeunieenneed ntheisn caatmeanndtiiloino nhiest oric etoc otnheea ieiceosn oamvei c tnheevaelntsh inogf yt heE nUpneirtteadn t Very large complement eo f special
mHaarkrey hiTrsutmoarny anondcen osatit d,h eot htahte r‘ wpale Pre e pitsa tne ighbor iilitn h e ‘aan hi_nt he
y Asia-Pacific region amounted to over my >e atin ay =a nd, int he
Courageous men and women in sues Waa pur Can Se sambiaamantintiiones
Africa, in America—many of them here US, wade with Burepe—end cimest deplocyf mtheese nfotrce s. But not-
today, helped topple apartheid. The 3 million Amerijocbs adenpen d upon withe this oom
chalahleaedr enquigre econtsinu ed _-«‘his trade. Theg roowfJ aptanh,S o uth Th een earnedfor ene
hard work. To reiterate President Te OR Stt era ete ee of the Republic of Koraenadt he
Clinton’s words, we pledge to help all nothing short of phenomenal. But the United States could decisively defeat
South Africans build _ their any attack from the North.
newfound freedom.
U.S. Deparotf Smtatee Dnistpat ch « May9 , 1994 © Vol. 5, No. 19 4 278
Korea
The deterrent value of U.S. and present at the unloarling of the reactor down previously in the absence of
South Korean military forces has and to conduct the necessary proce- outside monitoring. No doubt this will
maintained the peace on the Korean dures to provide safeguards that the be a long, hard process that will take
Peninsula for four decades and contin- spent fuel from the reactor is not di- both steadiness and determination on
ues to maintain it today. Indeed, I verted to a nuclear weapons program. our part.
believe there is no danger of an immi- So we welcome this offer by the North Other Factors. Looking beyond
nent military confrontation in Korea. and hope it is serious. Talakres no w this nuclear program, we must take
However, during the last few years a underway between North Korea and into account North Korea’s other
new development has emerged—a the IAEA to determine whether North activities. We know that they’re build-
major North Korean nuclear weapons Korea will permit the IAEA to be not ing ballistic missiles of increasing range
program. This program could very well only present but to conduct the inspec- and can already launch Scud missiles
threaten the stability on the Korean tions they believe are necessary to against virtually any target in South
Peninsula today. provide saf Korea, and they are developing longer
The Nuclear Program. In dis- We understand that the techno- range missiles that could strike targets
cussing this nuclear program, it is logy and the operating history of the in Japan, China, Russia, and other
important to be clear about what we 25-megawatt reactor make it techni- countries in the region. Compounding
know and what we don’t know about it. cally necessary to do the refueling our concern is North Korea’s history of
While many elements of this program very soon, but, at the same time, it is exporting weapons technology, includ-
are stil] unknown, we do know with our top priority to be sure that this ing ballistic missiles, to regions of
certainty that the North Koreans have refueling does not lead to diversion instability around the world. As Tony
an operational 25-megawatt nuclear of the spent fuel to reprocessing into Lake has noted,
reactor, they have under construction weapons-grade plutonium. It is equally
North Korea has become one of the fore-
a second, 200-megawatt reactor, they important that this not become a
most mercohf asucnh wteapson s. It has
have a large reprocessing plant for source of new uncertainty about the
sold Scud missiles to Syria and Iran, and it
separating plutonium from reactor use of spent fuel. We know that the
is actively marketing its next generation
spent fuel; they have radio-chemistry last time the 25-megawatt reactor was
of ballistic missiles.
laboratories; and they have a high- unloaded, it was done without any out-
explosive testing facility, all located side, independent observation. We In short, if North Korea develops
nuclear weapons, we face a greatly in-
in Yongbyon. We also know that don’t know how much was unloaded or
creased danger that other hostile,
when the 200-megawatt reactor is com- what they did with the fissile material.
rogue states around the world soon will
pleted in a few years, it will have the We can only estimate how much was
have them also.
potential to produce enough material unloaded and speculate whether or not
Finally, the ruling regime of North
for 10-12 nuclear bombs a year. it was diverted to a bomb program.
Korea has used extreme, even shrill
The most reasonable explanation The Director of Central Intelli-
rhetoric—including a recent infamous
for this known collection of facilities is gence, James Woolsey, has estimated
threat to turn Seoul into a “sea of fire.”
a nuclear weapons program, and this that the plutonium from this last un-
We do not take every extreme North
program has now reached a critical loading already may have been used
Korean figure of speech literally,
juncture. The 25-megawatt nuclear to build at least one nuclear device.
but it would be imprudent not to take
reactor has, as we speak, a load of We do not want this uncertainty to
seriously the threat posed by North
spent fuel that if reprocessed after multiply with the present refueling.
Korea’s large conventional forces,
being removed from the reactor would Observation of refueling is a most
its nuclear weapons program, and its
provide enough plutonium for four or important first atep in containing
harsh rhetoric. We must also take seri-
five nuclear bombs. The reactor has the North Korean nuclear program
ously its stated intention of effecting a
recently been shut down—a prelimi- because it assures us that the fuel is
reunification of Korea on the North’s
nary step needed to cool the core not reprocessed and that it stays under
terms in 1995.
sufficiently to conduct a refueling international observation.
operation. But we need to go further than
The Response
North Korea has declared that simply containing this nuclear program.
they intend to discharge and then We want to achieve a nuclear-free How the United States and its allies
refuel the reactor, and they have in- Korean Peninsula through implementa-
in the international community respond
vited the [IAEA—the International tion of the South-North Denucleari- to the challenpogseed by the North
Atomic Energy Agency—to be present zation Accord, which was reached Korean nuclear program will be very
durthiis nprogces s. Web elieve it is last year, and through a determination important not only for the future secu-
critically importafonr tth e [AEA to be of what happened to fuel that was
rity of Asia but, indeed, for the entire
removed when the reactor was shut
4
U.S. Deparotf Smtatee Dnistpat ch « May9 , 1994 Vol5,. No . 19
Korea
world. Our response to this challenge At the other end of the spectrum its relations with the rest of the world.
now will be a benchmark for respond- would be the application of military We strongly urge North Korea to take
ing to possible similar challenges in the pressure, but even limited application the responsible path—to cooperate and
future. of military pressure entails the risk of forgo its nuclear ambitions.
There are basically three ways that a large-scale war. Although we will If doing the right thing doesn’t
the United States and its allies can deal not rule out any option for all time, motivate North Korea, then perhaps
with the threat posed by North Korea’s this course should only be considered a simple cost-benefit analysis will. If
nuclear program. First, and quite obvi- when all other possibilities have been the North is williton lgiv e up to its
ously, we could do nothing; second, we exhausted. international and bilateral nuclear
could apply military pressure; and That leads us, then, to President obligations, we have made it clear
third, we could pursue a strategy to Clinton’s strategy, which is diplomacy that both we and our allies are pre-
persuade North Korea that it is in their combined with military preparedness. pared to move toward more normal
best interest to give up their nuclear The objectives of the President’s political and economic relations with
weapons program. strategy are quite clear. We want the North. That means much-needed
The first option truly is untenable. North Korea to comply fully with the economic assistance for its moribund
Whatever dangers we face now in nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and economy and gradual integration into
dealing with North Korea’s nuclear the South-North Denuclearization the wider Asian community. The
programs, the dangers will be com- Accord. The overall goal is a non- North would no longer find itself inter-
pounded two or three years from now if nuclear Korean Peninsula and a strong nationally isolated and increasingly
North Korea actually is able to produce international non-proliferation regime. impoverished. Its security posture
enough plutonium to fabricate nuclear would actually be much improved.
WhIsa at tStak e. I belieivte i s
weapons at a rate of about a dozen a All of these benefits would help North
important to understand just what is
year—a number which is compatible Korea and its people much more than
at stake. First and foremost is the
with the size oft he facilities we see any nuclear weapons program. This is
denuclearization of the Korean Penin-
being constructed. a truly positive vision, and we hope
sula. This is a win-win scenario for
It is not satisfactory to say, as that the North will embrace it.
both the North and the South. Iti s
some have argued, that we could Kim I] Sung recently declared that
obvious what is at stake for the South.
accept such a program and seek to North Korea has no nuclear bombs, no
Less obvious is what is at stake for the
deter North Korea from actual use desitor meak e nuclear bombs, and no
North.
of its nuclear arsenal as we deterred secrets about such activities. There is
The answer is a hell of a lot. The
the Soviet Union during the Cold an easy way for him to convince the
United States, after close consultation
War. For even assuming that we world of this—by fulfilling North
with the Republic of Korea and Japan,
could reliably deter actual use of Korea’s commitments to the IAEA,
has agreed to pursue a broad and thor-
North Korea’s nuclear weapons, an letting the inspections go forward, and
ough approach in negotiations with
unchecked nuclear capability—coupled implementing the North-South accord
North Korea, if we get back to the
with North Korea’s large conventional to denuclearize the peninsula.
negotiating table. What “broad and
military forces—could put North Ko- Diplomatic Efforts. Achieving
thorough” means in non-diplomatic
rea in a position to subject South Korea our diplomatic goal—a nuclear-free
jargon is that the United States is fully
to extortion in establishing its terms Korean Peninsula without conflict—
prepared to discuss with the North
for unification. It couid undermine will require solidarity with our allies.
not just the nuclear issue that is of con-
the security of the whole Northeast We've been working with great energy
cern to us but the full range of issues
Asia region and tempt other countries to build an international coalition ,
of concern to them and to us—diplo-
to seek their own nuclear weapons in through the United Nations to address
matic, political, economic, and security.
self-defense. And, as I have mentioned, the North Korean nuclear problem.
It also means that we are ready to
a nuclear North Korea could be in a We've also been working closely with
move rapicly to resolve these issues
position to export nuclear technologies South Korea and Japan and consulting
and not get bogged down in endless
and weapons to terrorist or rogue with Russia, China, and others that
haggling over minor issues.
regimes around the world, unleashing have a stake in preserving regional
We invite North Korea to join the
a nightmare spread of nuclear threats stability and preventing nuclear prolif-
community of nations, and we're pre-
Thus, the North Korean nuclear weap- eration. On my recent trip, I discussed
patro weorkd wi th North Korea to
ons program is, in the long term, this issue with the leaders in South
help make that happen. Thus, North
a problem not just for the region but Korea and Japan, including @1e Presi-
Korea is at a crossnroto juast dons t he
for the entire world. These consider- dent of South Korea and the Prime
nuclear issue but also on the future of
ations make doing nothing an untenable Minister of Japan. I can report full
option. solidarity with both of these important
U.S. Deparoft Stmatee Dnisptatc h « May9 , 1994 © Vol 5, No. 19 Y)
Korea
allies. This is absolutely essential. If adequate [AEA monitoring of the These Republic of Korea forces are
North Korea were to perceive any spent fuel rods it will remove from supplemented by about 100,000 U.S.
daylight between our positions, it the 25-megawatt reactor—the issue military forces in the Western Pacific,
would harm our negotiations, and it would return to the United Nations, including a well-trained, well-equipped,
could tempt North Korea toward mili- where the U.S. and others would con- and highly professional military force in
tary options. sider appropriate steps, including South Korea of about 37,000 personnel.
To focus our efforts, the Assistant sanctions. I believe that such an ap- Their job is to help deter North Korean
Secretary of State for Politico-Military proach will be supported by the aggression, to help defend South Korea
Affairs, Robert Gallucci, has been des- Republic of Korea and the world ifd eterrence fails, and to build South
ignated the interagency coordinator community. Korea’s defense capabilities through
for Korea. He is the point man for We believe this response would be combined training. It is a tough, de-
dealing with the North Koreans, and commensurate with the problem posed manding job that for most of our forces
he joined me in my meetings with the by North Korea’s refusal, and it would over there means a year’s separation
South Koreans and the Japanese—a be done with no intention of being pro- from their families.
sign of the close relationship between vocative. However, North Korea has I also met with some of our forces
our diplomatic efforts and our military stated that the imposition of sanctions during my trip—in particular, the 2nd
preparedness. As we view our diplo- would be equivalent to a declaration of Infantry Division of the U.S. Army
matic efforts in light of the alternatives war. This is probably another example and commanders from the 7th Air
I have described, we must make every of excessive North Korean rhetoric, Force and 10th Fighter Wing of the
effort to see that this strategy suc- but, as Secretary of Defense, I have a U.S. Air Force. These units are at the
ceeds. That means that in dealing with responsibility to provide for the ad- peak of readiness and are training con-
a country such as North Korea we equate readiness of U.S. military forces stantly, and we are giving them the
should expect our negotiations to be in the face of such threats. tools to perform their mission. We
difficult, often confrontational, and Force Readiness. Our forces have have underway a systematic modern-
probabiy protracted. To be successful, been, are, and will be ready to meet ization program for our forces in Korea.
we will have to be clear and firm in our any contingency. It is vital that we This program includes equipment such
goals and objectives, flexible and cre- continue to maintain a strong U.S. and as the Patriot system, which we
ative in our negotiating tactics—and South Korean defense capability on the recently deployed to provide us with
remain calm through it all. peninsula to dissuade the North from a point-defense system to protect tar-
Critics who often call for what may acting rashly. We cannot take any gets such as airfields and ports against
seem to be a quick and easy solution chances on this. We have to be pre- the Scud missile threat. I met with
or who deplore the give and take essen- pared to help South Korea defend the battalion commander and his staff
tial to any negotiation will certainly be itself, as we have for more than 40 last week at one of the new sites at
frustrated. And those who deny the years. Based on my recent trip, I can which the equipment was being in-
reality or severity of the problem and, report that we are fully prepared to stalled. The Patriot batteries are
consequently, the acceptability of tak- do so. all now operational, ready to defend
ing any risk to contain and reverse it I note that the bulk of South designated areas. In addition, we are
will be unhappy. But those who Korea’s defense comes from South replacing the Cobra attack helicopter
bear responsibility both for making Korea. Today it fields a potent military with AH-64 Apaches, we are replacing
policy and for its consequences should, force of about 650,000 active duty per- the M-113 armored personnel carriers
for the good of the nation, weather the sonnel backed up by more than 200,000 with Bradley fighting vehicles, and
criticism and vigorously pursue this ready reservists. Last week, I visited we're significantly increasing our intel-
diplomatic course. the First Infantry Division of the ligence assets.
President Clinton has correctly South Korean Army, which is located All of this gives the combined U.S.-
noted that our goal is not endless dis- at the tip of the spear, as they say, Republic of Korea forces a formidable
cussions but certifiable compliance. If between Seoul and the Demilitarized military capability, but they would still
the international community cannot Zone. I can say with some personal be outnumbered by North Korean
convince North Korea to honor its non- confidence that South Korea’s forces forces. Therefore, should conflict occur
proliferation commitments, the UN are well trained, well led, and highly or even seem imminent, the U.S. forces
Security Council again will take up the motivated. Their equipment is gener- now in Korea would be swiftly rein-
issue, and the North will face increas- ally of high quality, and they have forced by U.S. combat aircraft and
ing pressure in the form of sanctions. important modernization programs additional U.S. naval and ground
In particular, if North Korea were well underway. forces. Thise reinforcements are in-
to break the continuity of safeguards— tended to deal directly and rapidly with
for example, by refusing to allow threats posed to the in-country forces.
Lb U.S. DeparotfS mtatee Dnistpat ch ¢ May9 ,1 994 Vol. 5, No. 19
Korea
The primary threats to the com- scheduled. Team Spirit 94 was put on the capability of producing a nuclear
bined U.S.-Republic of Korea forces the negotiating table last February as arsenal or the risk inherent in not
are the large concentration of North part of ac omplex package to induce maintaining the readiness of our forces.
Korean tanks and artillery and the North Korea to live up to its IAEA and The Chinese have a proverb—main-
numerical advantage in forward- North-South dialogue commitments. tain an army for a thousand days in
deployed infantry forces combined with When North Korea reneged on those order to employ it for one day. I would
the tactical advantage of a short-warn- commitments, we decided—with the modify that by saying that we want to
ing attack. U.S. and Republic of Korea Republic of Korea—to reschedule maintain a sufficient defense so that
forces, on the other hand, have a dis- Team Spirit. It could be suspended they never will be employed, because
tinct advantage in tactical air, in again if there is satisfactory progress we all recognize that a war would re-
training, command and control, and in on the outstanding issues. Absent that sult in heavy casualties and widespread
the potential for reinforcement. progress, however, Team Spirit ’94 destruction.
During my visit, I discussed with will be held this November. With this posture, I have confidence
the combined forces commander, Gen- North Korea has no reasonable that we can achieve a non-nuclear
eral Gary Luck, the strategy he has basis to regard such measures as pro- Korean Peninsula without a war. Cer-
developed to maximize our advantages vocative. In fact, they are all strictly tainly, we will not initiate a war with
and offset the advantages of the North defensive measures intended to protect North Korea. Moreover, we will not
Koreans. For obvious reasons, [ cannot South Korea and our forces from an un- provoke a war with North Korea by
discuss the details of this strategy, but provoked attack, and they are entirely rash actions now or later. But we will
I can tell you that I have developed capable of providing that protection. not invite war by neglecting appropri-
complete confidence both in our com- There can be no doubt that the com- ate defense preparations. We have
manders and in the strategy they have bined U.S.-Republic of Korea forces fought one devastating war on the Ko-
developed. would decisively and rapidly defeat any rean Peninsula in this century; we do
Team Spirit Exercises. During attack from the North. not want to fight another. Arguably,
the last few months, much has been the North Koreans initiated their at-
made of the U.S.-South Korean exer- Conclusion tack in 1950 because they miscalculated
cise called Team Spirit. The Team the political will of the United States
We must understand that every
Spirit exercises are purely defensive. and because they observed a lack of
course of action we could take has
They improve our ability to defend military preparedness in the South.
consequences. Acquiescing now to
South Korea by testing our ability to Today there can be no confusion
an active North Korean nuclear pro-
reinforce, re-equip, and resupply U.S. about the solidarity between the
gram would invite a future crisis.
and South Korean forces in the event United States and South Korea and
Taking military action now would in-
of an attack from the North. They are the resolve of the United States to
vite an immediate crisis. Even the
part of an extensive and continuing defend South Korea. There also can
course we’ve chosen—a course which
program of U.S.-South Korea coopera- be no confusion about the military
combines diplomacy with military pre-
tion and joint activity for military of the combined U.S.-
paredness—is not entirely free of risk.
preparedness. Successive U.S. admin- Republic of Korea military forces and
It is possible that North Korea could
istrations have agreed with their South their ability to decisively defeat any
misperceive these efforts as provoca-
Korean counterparts on supporting attack from the North. Therefore, we
tions. We must face that possibility,
Team Spirit, but they have also recog- and North Korea should put our prior-
comparthiatn gris k to the far greater
nized that it can be an appropriate ity on removing this nuclear program,
risk of letting North Korea develop
subject of diplomacy in the context of which threatens the peace and stability
progress on the nuclear issue. in Korea, and then focuson buildinagn
For example, Team Spirit 92 was economically strong peninsula based on
cancelled to encourage the progress in this stability. @
the nuclear negotiations with North
Korea. Team Spirit 93 was held as
US. DeparotfS tmateeD inspattch ©M ay9,1994* Vol§,No 19 = ‘7
We must not lose it. That is why the
United Stetes isp ursuai vanriget y
Promoting Democracy and
of mutually reinforpolciciiens gan d
prowhgose rgoaal ism to nsurtu re,
Prospien rCenitratl yAs ia
protect, and sustain market democra-
cies througthheo wuortlcl . In partic-
Acting Secretary Talbott ular, we are focusing on tiose areas of
the globe where success i one country
or region will have an influence on
Address at the U.S.-Central Asia Business Conference,
surrounding areas. Our supporfto r
Washington, DC, May 3, 1994 (introductory remarks deieted)
reform in Russia reflects that strategy
as do our efforts on behalf’ of a multira-
hat | would like is to focusi n systems are still only half-formed and cial democin rSouathc Afyric a. The
W my remarks on the broader fragile. Everyin othins eroo m todayis theheroe irs syimpl e: If1eform
goals and strategy of the well aware that the transition to succeeds in Russia, it is more likely to
Clinton Administration’s foreign market de will not be easy for succeed among Russia’s neighbors.
policy—and the place that the Repub- any oft he nations of Central Asia—nor, By the same token, if racial harmony
lics of Central Asia play in our thinking indeed, for any of the nations emerging and demococme rto aSoutch Ayfri ca,
about the world as a whole. from the former Soviet Union and that country could go from being a
In the post-Cold War era, the Warsaw Pact. There will be stumbles pariah on the continent to a model for
working principles that have shaped and setbacks along the way. In others to make the transition. This
America—democracy and market Tajifkor iinstsancte, atherne w,ill be
economics—are gaining ever broader little progress on the economic or for the development of market democ-
acceptance around the globe. The political front until the civil war in rainc thye N ew Independent States
victofo frreeydom is not just ideologi- that counits rendyed . of Central Asia.
cal—it has important practical benefits In the West, we also recognitzhea t Central Asia is a gateway to three
as well. People on every continent—in the legacy of 70 years of communist reg.ons that are of great strategic
countries ranging from Chile to South reprweills nost bie oovernco me importantco eth e United States: To
Africa, from Poland to South Korea— instantly. But for their part, the the east lie China and the rest of Asia;
have over recent years and decades leaders of Central Asia must recognize to the south lie Iran, Afghanistana,n d
come to the conclusion, based on their that if their states are to join the the Islamic world; to the west and
own hard experience, that democracy comomf duemocrnatici nattionsy, th ere north lie Russia and Europe. More-
and markets are the most productive must be steady progress toward free over, in its own right, Central Asia is
ways to organize their lives. and fair elections; respect for the right a region of vast natural and human
Market democracy makes not only of citizens to form political parties; and resoofferuing rthec poteentisal for
for prosperous citizens but for safe for freedom of speech, press, and the prosopf iets orwni petoplye a nd
neighbors as well. History shows us religion. With each of the nations of benefits for American entrepreneurs
that market democracies tend not to Central Asia, as well as all other with the foresight to do business there.
go to war with one another, they tend couonf thte worrldi, ouer bislate ral The mineral deposits inU zbekistan
not to sponsor terrorist acts against relations will be significaanfftelctye d alone are estitmo haavte ae madrk et
each other; and they are more likely to by how these nations respect—and value of $3 trillion, and Turkmenistan
be reliable trading partners, to protect protebasicc rtigh—ts atnd hfreeedo ms produces 865 billion cubic meters of
the global environment, and to respect of their citizens. Durithnis glo ng natugars aa ylea r.
international law. In short, market tranperisod, iwe twilli staoy wnith the As I said, in addittoi noatunra l
democracies are the kind of friends refaond wre wmill bee ars perssist ent resothuerer arce aelso sim,men se
and stable partners that the U.S. and patiase thneyt ar e. Anwde a re human resources. I’m thinkionf gth e
Government and U.S. businesses optiaboumt tiheirs evetntuail scucce ss. research skills available from the pool
seek throughout the world. That is because the common denomina- of scientists affilwiitah tthee mdan y
But while democracy and market tor ofd emoacndr thae mcaryket — prominent institutions that were part
economics are ascendant in this new freedom—has universal appeal. of the former Soviet Academy of
era, they are not yet everywhere The end of the Cold War has Sciences system. We here in Washing-
triumphant. In many nations which brought about a moment of immense ton think of PresiAkdayeev nast t he
have begun the transition, these democandr enatretpreinecuri al “Thomas Jeffeof rKyrsgyozstnan,” a nd
opportunity. We must not waste it.
x
U.S. Deparoft Stmatee Dnisptatc h « May9 , 1994 Voi. 5, No. 19