Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control

603 Pages·1985·8.951 MB·English

by  Alan P. Roelfs and William R. Bushnell (Eds.)

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
/. /. Bouwman S. Ν agarajan
Kir a L. Bowen J. E. Parlevliet
J. A. Browning J. M. Prescott
B. C. Clifford L. H. Purdy
P. L. Dyck A. P. Roelfi
Arthur L. Hooker J. B. Rowell
L. M. Joshi Eugene E. Saari
E. R. Κ erb er D. J. Samborski
Ν. Η. Luig MarrD. Simons
J. W. Martens R. W. Stubbs
C. C. Mündt P. S. Teng
J. C. Zadoks
The Cereal Rusts
Volume II
Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology,
and Control
Edited by
Alan P. Roelfi
and
William R. Bushnell
Cereal Rust Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers)
Orlando San Diego New York London
Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo
COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR
ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Orlando, Florida 32887
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 2)
Main entry under title:
The Cereal rusts.
Includes bibliographies and index.
Contents: v. 1. Origins, specificity, structure, and
physiology - v. 2. Diseases, distribution, epidemiology,
and control.
1. Cereal rusts-Collected works. 2. Cereal rusts-
Control-Collected works. I. Bushnell, William R.
(William Rodgers) II. Roelfs, Alan P.
SB741.R8C47 1985 633.1Ό49425 84-15035
ISBN 0-12-148402-5 (alk. paper)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
85 86 87 88 987654321
To the memory of the pioneers who
developed the techniques and concepts
that have made economical control of
cereal rusts possible
Selected examples of the cereal rusts. (1) Wheat stem rust [Puccinia graminis f. sp.
tritici; Chapter 1), (2) Wheat leaf rust [Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici; Chapter 2), (3)
Stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Chapter 3], (4) Barley leaf rust [Puccinia
hordei; Chapter 6), (5) Crown rust [Puccinia coronata-, Chapter 5], (6) Common corn rust
[Puccinia sorghi; Chapter 7). Photo by D. L. Long, Cereal Rust Laboratory.
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
J. J. Bouwman1 (329), Department of Phytopathology, Agricultural
University, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
Kira L. Bowen2 (435), Department of Plant Pathology, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
J. A. Browning3 (527), Department of Plant Pathology and Micro-
biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
B. C. Clifford (173), Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth SY23
3EB, Wales, United Kingdom
P. L. Dyck (469), Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
Arthur L. Hooker4 (207), DeKalb-Pfizer Genetics, St. Louis, Missouri
63141
L. M. Joshi (371), Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-12, India
E. R. Kerber (469), Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
N. H. Luig (301), Department of Agricultural Genetics and Biometry,
The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
Present address: Agricultural College, Groenezoom 400, 3315 LA Dordrecht, The
Netherlands.
2Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illi-
nois 61801.
3Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Sciences, Iowa State
University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
4Present address: DeKalb-Pfizer Genetics, 3100 Sycamore Road, DeKalb, Illinois
60115.
xv
xvi Contributors
J. W. Martens (103), Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
C. C. Mündt (527), Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7616
S. Nagarajan (371), Regional Station, Indian Agricultural Research In-
stitute, Simla-171002, India
J. E. Parlevliet (501), Department of Plant Breeding (I.v.P.), Agricultural
University, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
J. M. Prescott (259), Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y
Trigo (CIMMYT), 06600 Mexico City, Mexico
L. H. Purdy (237), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Flor-
ida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
A. P. Roelfs (3, 403), Cereal Rust Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108
J. B. Rowell (561), Cereal Rust Laboratory, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Eugene E. Saari (259), Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y
Trigo (CIMMYT), 06600 Mexico City, Mexico
D. J. Samborski (39), Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
Marr D. Simons (131), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011
R. W. Stubbs (61), Research Institute for Plant Protection (IPO), 6700
GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
P. S. Teng (435), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Min-
nesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
J. C. Zadoks (329), Department of Phytopathology, Agricultural Uni-
versity, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
Preface
The aim of this two-volume treatise is to assist in the worldwide
effort to control cereal rusts by bringing together in a single reference
source the accumulated knowledge of these important diseases. Not
since K. Starr Chester's 'The Cereal Rusts/ 7 published in 1946, have
these diseases been treated comprehensively in a single work. In the
interval since then, research on these potentially devastating diseases
has proliferated, leading to new principles concerning their nature and
new strategies for their control. Contributing to this new knowledge
have been biochemists, cytologists, geneticists, physiologists, tax-
onomists, and epidemiologists, as well as cereal plant pathologists.
The work of these diverse specialists as applied to cereal rusts forms
the basis of these volumes.
The two volumes will serve the needs not only of cereal rust investi-
gators who have found it increasingly difficult to assimilate the
world's cereal rust literature, but also of plant pathologists generally,
as a reference source for teaching, extension, and research. Many of the
principles of plant pathology have been developed from studies of cere-
al rusts. Agronomists and other agriculturists concerned with cereal
crop production or world food supplies will also find these volumes
useful.
The cereal rusts represent the major disease threat to cereal crops,
which, in turn, supply two-thirds of the world's edible food. Periodic
cereal rust epidemics have plagued mankind since the dawn of agri-
culture. Consequently, cereal rust diseases were among the first to
receive intensive investigation as the science of plant pathology
emerged in the 1800s and early 1900s. The rust fungi were soon found
to be "shifty enemies" (as E. C. Stakman put it) with a persistent
ability to evolve new virulences that could overcome newly intro-
duced resistant cereal cultivars. Periodic rust epidemics persisted into
the 1950s and continue to be a threat today.
xvii
xviii Preface
However, a new science of disease stabilization and management is
now emerging that utilizes improved understanding of the complex-
ities of rust disease to slow the evolution of dangerous new virulences,
to retard epidemics, and to minimize losses. The knowledge on which
these new strategies are based is presented in these volumes. Their
contents reflect the great diversity and extent of cereal rust knowledge,
including studies at the molecular level, and studies with cells, leaves,
and whole plants, with plots and fields, and with epidemics sweeping
across continents. In total, the cereal rusts have received more investi-
gation than any other like-sized group of plant diseases.
Contributors to these volumes were asked to provide historical per-
spectives, give current trends, and project future problems and needs.
They were encouraged to emphasize areas of special personal interest
and to present their own unique perspectives to their assigned topics.
The resulting varied treatments provide a rich compilation of the com-
plex, challenging science of cereal rusts.
Volume I is devoted to fundamental aspects of the cereal rusts. A
section on origins treats the contributions of early scientists to knowl-
edge of cereal rusts, the evolution of cereal rusts, and the taxonomy of
cereal rust fungi. A section on specificity includes formae speciales,
race specificity, pathogen-host genetics, histology and molecular biol-
ogy of host-parasite specificity, and the genetics of rust fungus popula-
tions as reflected by virulence frequency. A section on structure and
physiology includes germination of urediospores and differentiation of
infection structures, infection under artificial conditions, ultrastruc-
ture of hyphae and urediospores, development and physiology of
teliospores, obligate parasitism and axenic culture of rust fungi, struc-
ture and physiology of haustoria, structural and physiological altera-
tion in susceptible hosts, and effects of rust on plant development in
relation to translocation. In sum, Volume I presents the historical,
evolutionary, taxonomic, structural, genetic, and physiological charac-
teristics of cereal rust fungi and the diseases they cause in cereal crops.
Volume II is devoted to individual cereal rust diseases and their
distribution, epidemiology, and control. The major cereal rust diseases
are wheat and rye stem rusts, wheat leaf rust, stripe rust, oat stem rust,
crown rust, barley leaf rust, corn and sorghum rusts, and sugarcane
rusts. Coverage of each is presented in an individual chapter. The dis-
tribution and economic importance of the cereal rust diseases on a
worldwide basis are presented in a separate chapter.
Wheat and rye stem rusts were placed in a single chapter due to the
apparent close relationship of the causal organisms. Leaf rust of rye
was omitted due to minimal worldwide importance. The causal organ-
isms of rye and wheat leaf rusts, Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis and
Preface xix
P. recondita f. sp. tritici, are morphologically similar, but may be genet-
ically quite different. The rusts of millets were omitted because they
are generally minor diseases and because millet has limited worldwide
use as a cereal (Saari and Prescott, Chapter 9, Volume II). The forage
grasses with their numerous rust diseases are beyond the scope of these
volumes on the cereal rusts. Although sugarcane is not a cereal, the
sugarcane rusts were included because of the importance of sugar as a
food crop and the similarity of its agronomic position to cereals. Rice is
the only important cereal crop that is not affected by a rust disease.
The chapters on epidemiology of Australia and New Zealand, Eu-
rope, the Indian Subcontinent, and North America demonstrate long-
distance spore dispersal, genetic epidemiology, overwintering foci,
weather trajectory studies, continental epidemics, and disease model-
ing and simulation.
Disease control is approached through host resistance of race-specif-
ic and non-race-specific types, strategies of using and deploying re-
sistances, and methods for evaluating fungicides.
The terminology chosen by the editors is the widely accepted usage
in North America. However, in using these volumes, the reader will
find several inconsistencies in terminology and concepts reflecting dif-
ferences in viewpoint among authors. Thus, plant pathologists usually
have used the term "rust" for disease, whereas others with a more
mycological orientation have used "rust" to designate the fungus.
Likewise, the taxonomist, using mainly morphological characters, de-
fines subspecies and varieties; the plant pathologist, using host range,
defines formae speciales as discussed in Volume I.
Given the large number of cereal rust workers, the selection of au-
thors for these volumes involved difficult choices. We thank the au-
thors, who willingly and capably contributed chapters, and extend
thanks to our many other colleagues who reviewed chapters and pro-
vided advice and encouragement during this project. Special thanks are
given to Gail Bullis and Brenda Anderson, who provided excellent sec-
retarial assistance, to Colleen Curran, who patiently proofread most
manuscripts and provided essential logistical support, to Connie
Mann, who verified many references with unflagging diligence, and to
Dave Casper, Bruce Hitman, and Mark Hughes, who carried on the
research work while this volume was being prepared.
Alan P. Roelfs
William R. Bushneil
1984