Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind

819 Pages·2018·242.479 MB·English

by  John T. Cacioppo

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Discovering
Psychology
3e
THE SCIENCE OF MIND
John T.
Cacioppo
University of Chicago
Laura A.
Freberg
California Polytechnic,
State University,
San Luis Obispo
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind, © 2019, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Third Edition
John T. Cacioppo and Laura A. Freberg Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
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About the Authors
John T. Cacioppo
is the Tiffany and Margaret Blake Distinguished
Service Professor and director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the
University of Chicago. He is a past president of several scientific societies, including the
Association for Psychological Science, the Society for Social Neuroscience, the Society for
Personality and Social Psychology, and the Society for Psychophysiological Research, and a
past chair of the Psychology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of
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the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Scientific Impact Award from the Society of
Experimental Social Psychology, the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions from
the Society for Psychophysiological Research, and the Campbell Award and the Theoretical
Innovation Prize from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Cacioppo is a
member of the President’s Committee on the National Medal of Science; the chair of the
Board of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences at the National Research Council; a
member of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for the Social, Behavioral,
and Economic Sciences Directorate; a former member of the Council for the NIH Center for
Scientific Review; and a former member of the Council for the National Institute on Aging.
Laura A. Freberg
is a professor of psychology at California
Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly SLO), where she teaches courses in
introductory psychology, biological psychology, and sensation and perception. She is the
author of four editions of Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological
Psychology for Cengage Learning. To better understand the needs of the online education
community, Freberg has designed an online version of Introductory Psychology for Cal Poly
SLO and teaches social psychology, sensation/perception, cognitive psychology, statistics,
research methods, and writing in psychology courses for Argosy University Online. She is
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at Pasadena City College at the age of 23. She has received Faculty Member of the Year
recognition from Cal Poly Disabilities Resource Center three times (1991, 1994, and
2009) for her work with students with disabilities. She enjoys using technology and social
media in the classroom and is a Google Glass Explorer. Freberg enjoys collaborating with
daughters Kristin Saling (systems engineering, U.S. Military Academy at West Point) and
Karen Freberg (communications, University of Louisville) on a variety of research projects in
crisis management and public relations, as well as in psychology. She serves as the Bylaws
and Archives Committee chair for the Society for Social Neuroscience and is president-elect
(2017–2018) of the Western Psychological Association (WPA).
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Brief Contents
1
The Science of Mind
THE DISCIPLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY 2
2
The Measure of Mind
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY 32
3
The Evolving Mind
NATURE AND NURTURE INTERTWINED 68
4
The Biological Mind
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR 102
5
The Perceiving Mind
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 148
6
The Aware Mind
ELEMENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 192
7
The Feeling Mind
EMOTION AND MOTIVATION 230
8
The Adaptive Mind
LEARNING 276
9
The Knowing Mind
MEMORY 318
10
The Thinking Mind
THINKING, LANGUAGE, AND INTELLIGENCE 362
11
The Developing Mind
LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT 406
12
The Individual Mind
PERSONALITY AND THE SELF 456
13
The Connected Mind
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 498
14
The Troubled Mind
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 546
15
Healing the Troubled Mind
THERAPY 594
16
The Healthy Mind
STRESS AND COPING, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY,
AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 638
References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index/Glossary S-1
v
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
1
The Science of Mind
THE DISCIPLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY
What Is Psychology?
5
Psychology as a Hub Science Why Is Psychology a Hub
Science? 5
What Are Psychology’s Roots?
6
Psychology’s Philosophical Roots 6
Psychology’s Natural Sciences Roots 7
SHBUeMogMwAiRn DY? 1 i.d19 th9e Science of Psychology Argosy Publishing, Inc.
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism 9 Thinking Scientifically Can the Use of a Single
Perspective Be Misleading? 26
Connecting to Research The First Official Psychology
Experiment 10
What Does It Mean to Be a
Gestalt Psychology 11
Psychologist?
William James and Functionalism 11 27
Clinical Roots: Freud and the Humanistic Psychologists 12 Interpersonal Relationships How Can We
Experiencing Psychology Testing Reaction Time 12 Use Relationships to Illustrate Psychological
Perspectives? 29
Sigmund Freud 13
Psychology Takes on Real-World Problems Tackling
Humanistic Psychology 14
the Problem of Cyberbullying 30
The Behaviorists and the Cognitive Revolution 14
SUMMARY 1.2 20 SUMMARY 1.3 31
What Are Psychological
Perspectives?
21
Five Perspectives of Psychology 21
A New Connectivity: Integrating Psychology’s Five
Perspectives 24
Diverse Voices in Psychology Culture and Diversity as
“Cross-cutting Themes” in Psychology 24
vi
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
2
The Measure of Mind
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
What Is Science?
34
The Scientific Mindset 34
The Importance of Critical Thinking 36
Experiencing Psychology Using Critical Thinking to
Evaluate Popular Press Reports 36
The Scientific Enterprise 38
Scientific Theories 38
ThiGECnvoekanmilneumrgaat utiSinnncgigci e HaGtnyiontpiogfodi tcS hHcaeileyslenpysco etDh 3o3e9es9ess Psy3c8hology Have a Argosy Publishing, Inc.
Replication Problem? 40 Connecting to Research Do You Believe in ESP? 58
SUMMARY 2.1 41 Inferential Statistics 60
How Do Psychologists Conduct How Can We Conduct Ethical
Research? Research?
41 62
Descriptive Methods 41 Human Participants 62
The Case Study 42 Animal Subjects 63
Naturalistic Observation 43 Psychology Takes on Real-World Problems Choosing
The Survey 43 a Research Method for Studying Cyberbullying 64
Diverse Voices in Psychology How Do We Recruit Interpersonal Relationships The Methodological
Diverse Research Participants? 44
Perspective 65
Correlational Methods 45
SUMMARY 2.3 66
Experimental Methods 47
Meta-analyses 50
The Importance of Multiple Perspectives 50
Psychology as a Hub Science Testing the Effects of
Food Additives on Children’s Hyperactivity 51
How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 52
SUMMARY 2.2 53
How Do We Draw Conclusions
from Data?
54
The Importance of Valid and Reliable Measures 54
Descriptive Statistics 54
Central Tendency 55
Variance 56
The Normal Curve 57
Descriptive Statistics with Two Variables 58
vii
CONTENTS
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.