Disaster Risk Science

766 Pages·2019·50.13 MB·English

by  Peijun Shi

IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series
Peijun Shi
Disaster
Risk
Science
Second Edition
IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk
Governance Project Series
Series editors
Peijun Shi, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Carlo Jaeger, Potsdam, Germany
Thisbookseries,entitled“IHDP/FutureEarth—IntegratedRiskGovernanceProject
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mental Change—Integrated Risk Governance Project (IHDP/Future Earth—IRG
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achievements in the identification, evaluation and management of emerging global
large-scalerisks.FutureEarthisaflagshipinitiativeoftheScienceandTechnology
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13536
Peijun Shi
Disaster Risk Science
Second Edition
123
Peijun Shi
State Key Laboratoryof Earth Surface
Processes andResourceEcology
Beijing NormalUniversity
Beijing,China
ISSN 2363-4979 ISSN 2363-4987 (electronic)
IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk GovernanceProject Series
ISBN978-981-13-6688-8 ISBN978-981-13-6689-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5
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Contents
1 Hazards, Disasters, and Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Classification of Hazards by Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Classification of Hazards by Occurrences . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Intensity Classification of Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.4 Regional Difference in Multiple Natural Hazards
of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.1 Classification of Disasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.2 Classification of Disaster Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.3 Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.1 Risk Classification System of Davos World
Economic Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3.2 Risk Classification of International Risk Governance
Council. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.3.3 Classification Criteria for Risk Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2 Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.1 Disaster System Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.1.1 Hazard Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1.2 Disaster-Formative Environment Theory . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.1.3 Exposure Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.1.4 Regional Disaster System Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2 Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.1 Structural System of Regional Disaster System . . . . . . 59
2.2.2 Function System of Regional Disaster System. . . . . . . 60
2.2.3 Essence of Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
v
vi Contents
2.3 Complexity of Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.3.1 Characteristic of Complexity of Disaster System . . . . . 64
2.3.2 Disaster System and Its Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.3 Complexity and Consilience of Disaster System . . . . . 74
2.4 Complexity of Disaster System—Consilience Degree . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.1 From Node Degree to Consilience Degree. . . . . . . . . . 79
2.4.2 Network Model and Verification Based on
Consilience Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3 Disaster Formation Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1 The Formation Process of Natural Disasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1.1 Disaster-Formative Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.1.2 Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.3 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.1.4 Disaster Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1.5 Disaster Formation Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.2 Environmental (Ecological) Disaster Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.2.1 Disaster-Formative Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.2 Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.2.3 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.2.4 Disaster Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.2.5 Sandy Desertification and Wind-Sand
Disaster-Formative Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.2.6 The Mitigation of Sandy Desertification
and Wind-Sand Disaster Since the Twenty-First
Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.2.7 Inspiration of Chinese Practice/Road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.3 Man-Made Disaster (Production Accident) Process. . . . . . . . . . 150
3.3.1 Disaster-Formative Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.3.2 Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.3.3 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.3.4 Disaster Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.3.5 The Formation Process of Human-Made
Disasters (Accidents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4 Disaster Measurement, Statistics, and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1 Disaster Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1.1 Disaster Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.1.2 Network Station Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.1.3 Remote Sensing Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.1.4 Historical Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Contents vii
4.2 Disaster Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.2.1 Statistical Contents of General Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.2.2 Statistical Content of Special Major Natural
Disaster Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.3 Disaster Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.3.1 Principles, Contents, Function Orientation
of Disaster Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.3.2 Disaster Assessment Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.3.3 Disaster Assessment Methods and Technology . . . . . . 194
4.3.4 Discussion on Social Impact Assessment
of Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5 Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.1 Broad-Sense Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
5.2 Narrow-Sense Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.2.1 Narrow-Sense Disaster Risk Assessment
Index System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.2.2 Vulnerability Assessment of Hazard-Affected Body . . . 238
5.2.3 Quantitative Assessment Case of Disaster
Risk—Typhoon Disaster Risk Assessment
in Yangtze River Delta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
5.3 Integrated Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
5.3.1 Progress in Integrated Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . 300
5.3.2 Assessment Case of Multi-disasters Risk. . . . . . . . . . . 311
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
6 Disaster Risk Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
6.1 Establishment of Disaster Risk Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
6.1.1 Classification of Disaster System Information . . . . . . . 330
6.1.2 Database of Natural Disaster System of China. . . . . . . 332
6.1.3 Database of Natural Disaster System in the Yangtze
River Delta Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
6.1.4 Case Database of Natural Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
6.2 Compilation of Disaster Risk Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
6.2.1 Theory Base of Geoscience for Disaster Risk
Cartography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
6.2.2 Cartographic Symbol and Symbol Database Design
of Disaster Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
6.2.3 Generalization of Disaster Risk Map Based
on Layer Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
6.2.4 Map Generalization of Point Natural Disaster Risk . . . 371
6.2.5 Map Generalization of Line Natural Disaster Risk . . . . 373
6.2.6 Map Generalization of Plane Natural Disaster Risk . . . 375
viii Contents
6.3 Compilation Case of Disaster Risk Map (Atlas) . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.3.1 Compilation of Atlas of Natural Disaster in China. . . . 378
6.3.2 Compilation of Atlas of Natural Disaster
System of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
6.3.3 Compilation of Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk
of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
6.3.4 Compilation of Wenchuan Earthquake
Disaster Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
6.3.5 Compilation of Series Maps for Integrated Natural
Disaster Risk in Yangtze River Delta Region . . . . . . . 402
6.3.6 Compilation of Digital Atlas for Natural Disaster
in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
7 Disaster Risk Regionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
7.1 Natural Disaster Risk in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
7.1.1 Natural Disaster Risk and Disaster Risk Trend
in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
7.1.2 Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Main Natural
Disasters in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
7.1.3 Spatial Pattern of Multi-hazard Risk in the World . . . . 431
7.2 Natural Disaster Risk of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
7.2.1 Natural Disasters Landscape in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
7.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Main Natural
Disaster Risks in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
7.3 Integrated Disaster Risk Regionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
7.3.1 Basic Theory and Principle of Integrated Disaster
Risk Regionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
7.3.2 Natural Disaster Regionalization in China . . . . . . . . . . 460
7.3.3 Agriculture Natural Disaster Regionalization
in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
7.3.4 Regionalization of Urban Natural Disaster in China. . . 473
7.3.5 Regionalization of Natural Disaster Relief in China . . . 480
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
8 Disaster Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
8.1 The Basis for Disaster Risk Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
8.1.1 Risk Society and Disaster Risk Management. . . . . . . . 492
8.1.2 Academic Schools of Disaster Risk Management. . . . . 495
8.2 Construction of Disaster Risk Management Institution
in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
8.2.1 China’s Legal System of Disaster
Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
8.2.2 The Disaster Risk Management System. . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Contents ix
8.2.3 Disaster Risk Management Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
8.3 Case Study on Disaster Risk Management System
Construction of China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
8.3.1 Summary of the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
During the 12th Five-Year Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
8.3.2 Summary of Regulations of Wenchuan
Post-earthquake Restoration and Reconstruction. . . . . . 524
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
9 Disaster Emergency Management and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
9.1 Disaster Emergency Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
9.1.1 Disaster Emergency Management Principle . . . . . . . . . 541
9.1.2 Disaster Emergency Management Mechanism . . . . . . . 546
9.1.3 Disaster Emergency Management Legal System . . . . . 547
9.1.4 Country Case of Disaster Emergency Management . . . 548
9.2 Disaster Emergency Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
9.2.1 Disaster Emergency Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
9.2.2 Response of South Snow Disaster (Electric System) . . . 572
9.2.3 Disaster Emergency Transfer and Placement . . . . . . . . 574
9.2.4 Disaster Emergency Guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
9.3 ResearchonNaturalDisasterEmergencyManagementSystem
in Shenzhen City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
9.3.1 Natural Disaster System in Shenzhen City. . . . . . . . . . 609
9.3.2 Natural Disaster Emergency Management
and Response System in Shenzhen City . . . . . . . . . . . 627
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
10 Integrated Disaster Risk Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
10.1 Structural System of Integrated Disaster Risk Governance . . . . 635
10.1.1 Macro-structural System of Regional Disaster
Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
10.1.2 Microstructural System of the Integrated Disaster
Risk Governance and Its Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
10.2 Functional System of Integrated Disaster Risk Governance
and Its Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
10.2.1 Functional System of Regional Integrated Disaster
Risk Governance and Its Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
10.2.2 Functional System Optimization of Regional
Integrated Disaster Risk Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
10.2.3 Optimization of Structural and Functional System
of Integrated Disaster Risk Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . 680
10.3 Integrated Disaster Risk Governance Paradigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
10.3.1 Administrative Management System of Regional
Integrated Disaster Risk Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684