direction-specific improvement in motion discrimination

13 Pages·2002·1.53 MB·English

Vihn Res. Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 953-965, 1987 CM342-6989187 53.00 +O.OO
Printed in taerG Britain. All rights lavrcscr Copyright 0 7891 Pergamon slanruoJ Ltd
CIFICEPS-NOITCERID IMPROVEMENT NI MOTION
NOITANIMIRCSID
KARLENE BALL dna ROBERT SEKUL~R*
nretseW ykcutneK University, gnilwoB ,neerG KY 42101 dna nretsewhtroN University,
notsnavE IL 60201, .A.S.U
(Received 25 November 1986; ni revisedf orm 5 December 1986)
htiW-teartabA ,gniniart na observer’s ytiliba to etanimircsid ralimis directions of motion yllaudarg
improves. A series of seiduts reveals taht siht ,tnemevorpmi (1) si restricted to the deniart direction dna
other, ralimis directions, (2) persists for ta tsael several ,shtnom (4) swohs ,elbaicerppa tub not complete,
transfer neewteb the owt eyes, dna (5) si ylegral restricted to the detalumits region of the .dleif Moreover,
the improvement ni direction noitanimircsid does not produce a tnatimocnoc change ni detection
thresholds. nI lla ,doohilekil most of the improvement ni direction noitanimircsid reptesents a change ni
lausiv ,noitcnuf rather naht changes ni nonsensory processes.
Motion noitanimircsiD gniniarT Inte.rocular transfer lautpecreP gninrael yticoleV
INTRODUCTlON masking ytiliba fo ralucitrap lanoitcerid -moc
stnenop fo dnab-daorb ,lanoitcerid masking
A nwonk-llew msirohpa smialcorp ecitcarp“
esion llaB( and ,relukeS .)9791 sihT egnahc ni
sekam .”tcefrep hguohT this mialc is ton syawla
eht ssenevitceffe fo eht masking esion suggests
yltcirts ,eurt ecitcarp ylniatrec seod evorpmi
owt detaler .sesehtopyh On eno hand, eht
ynam lautpecrep ,seitiliba gnidulcni eht ytiliba
egnahc thgim eb eno ecneuqesnoc fo decnahne
ot etanimircsid eno tcejbo morf rehtona
ytivitceles ni snoruen that signal noitcerid fo
,nosbiG( .)9691 semitemoS noitanimircsid -mi
;noitom no eht rehto hand, ew dluoc eb gniees
sevorp esuaceb an revresbo has dedeeccus ni
eht egnahc ni a laruen retlif larehpirep ot eht
gniyfitnedi ralucitrap sliated that distinguish
etamitlu sisylana fo lausiv .noitcerid
eno tcejbo morf .rehtona ,rO noitanimircsid
A driht tluser suggests that noitom noitpecrep
yam evorpmi esuaceb fo denethgieh noitnetta ro
yam eb ylhgih :elbaellam eht ytiliba ot -mircsid
retaerg ycneiciffe ni gnillebal lautpecrep -irepxe
etani neewteb owt snoitcerid fo noitom seirav
.secne ,yllaniF tnemevorpmi ni lautpecrep -rep
yllaitnatsbus gnoma srevresbo llaB( and
ecnamrof dluoc tcelfer decnahne ytivitceles
,relukeS .)0891 hguohtlA ylno a wef srevresbo
nihtiw emos yrosnes .metsys
erew ,deiduts ecnamrofrep was ylhguor -roc
eerhT tnereffid stluser suggest that lausiv
detaler htiw eht tnuoma fo emit laudividni
noitom erom-noitpecrep ,ylralucitrap -pecrep
srevresbo had tneps ni eht .tnemirepxe ,ecneH
noit fo direction fo dluow-noitom eb a doog laitnereffid ecitcarp thgim eilrednu emos fo eht
elcihev rof gniyduts lautpecrep .gninrael ,tsriF
laudividni secnereffid ni ytiliba ot etanimircsid
ylevitaler feirb erusopxe ot a elgnis noitcerid fo
eno noitcerid fo noitom morf .rehtona
noitom nac ecudorp tneuqesbus stcefferetfa that
detavitoM yb eseht eerht sets fo ,sgnidnif ew
era yrev ,devil-gnol 24 sruoh ro erom (Masland,
dediced ot erolpxe noitom s’noitpecrep plas-
.)9691 hcuS gnirudne segnahc ekam ti reisae ot
yticit ,rehtruf ni thgie detaler stnemirepxe -er
assess lautpecrep .gninrael
detrop .ereh ruO sucof was no eht yticificeps
,dnoceS detaeper erusopxe sehsinimid eht
and ecnenamrep fo lautpecrep .yticitsalp A -ces
yradno sucof was no eht elbissop laruen setis fo
hcus .yticitsalp ,llarevO ruo latnemirepxe -tarts
yge was ot edivorp noitanimircsid gniniart rof
*To mohw correspondence dluohs be desserdda :ta Depart-
tnem of Psychology, Cresap Neuroacienm ,yrotarobaL ralucitrap snoitcerid and neht ot enimaxe eht
nretsewhtroN University, 2021 nadirehS .dR ,notsnavE
yticificeps fo revetahw tnemevorpmi ni noitcerid
IL 60201, .A.S.U Research supported yb a grant from
.S.U riA Force of cifitneicS Research (AFOSR-80-0246). noitanimircsid thgim .tluser
953
954 ENELRAK LLAB dna ROBERT SEKULER
EXPERIMENT 1 ,ruoF and ,neveS ew derusaem noitanimircsid
l
ecnamrofrep rof hcae fo eht thgie .snoitcerid nI
Method snoisses ,owT ,eerhT eviF and ,xiS hcae -bo
ilumitS erew ,thgirb yllaitaps modnar stod revres decitcarp making noitcerid -imircsid
gnilevart lellarap paths ssorca eht ecaf fo a snoitan htiw his ro reh nwo gniniart .noitcerid
edohtac yar ebut at 10 .ces/ged At yna eno gniruD hcae gniniart ,noisses an revresbo edam
,tnemom yletamixorppa 400 stod erew elbisiv 500 ”tnereffid-emas“ stnemgduj 01( skcolb fo
nihtiw an 8 ,ged ralucric .erutrepa ehT stod and 50 )slairt htiw eht noitcerid assigned ot that
rieht tnemevom erew htob ylhgih ;elbisiv eht .revresbo roF htob gniniart and tset snoisses
ecnanimul fo eht stod was tuoba 50 semit that srevresbo erew dedrawer htiw owt stnec rof hcae
deriuqer rof meht ot eb just nees against eht tcerroc ;esnopser eno tnec was detcuded rof
tnatsnoc gniliev ecnanimul fo 2 .*m/dc etisoppO hcae tcerrocni .esnopser kcabdeeF was dedivorp
sdne fo eht yalpsid erew yllacinortcele deknil os gniwollof hcae .esnopser
that stod gniraeppasid at eno edis depparw“
”,dnuora ot raeppaer at eht etisoppo .edis lluF Results and Discussion
sliated fo eht yalpsid era nevig erehwesle llaB( tiH setar and eslaf mrala setar rof gniyfitnedi
and ,relukeS .)9791 ecniS lacol tod seitisned era ”tnereffid“ trials ni hcae kcolb erew detrevnoc
nossioP ,detubirtsid htiw a small naem 8( stod yb standard sdohtem otni ot edivorp a
d’,
rep erauqs ,)eerged ruo modnar tod snrettap erusaem fo noitanimircsid ecnamrofrep neerG(
had a tahwemos ,ypmulc ro ,nevenu -raeppa and ,stewS )6691 that dluow eb detceffanu yb
.ecna oT tneverp srevresbo morf making esu fo stfihs ni eht s’revresbo esu fo eht owt esnopser
eseht ,spmulc a wen yarra fo modnar stod was .seirogetac
detareneg yreve 50 trials. gnirapmoC ecnamrofrep erofeb and gnirud
srevresbO deweiv eht yalpsid ,ylraluconib ,gniniart ew dnuof tsrif that noitcerid -imircsid
gnitaxif a ,krad ,yranoitats small lartnec .tniop noitan was hcum retteb rof eht lanidrac -cerid
hcaE lairt detsisnoc fo ,owt cesm-005 ,slavretni snoit than rof eht euqilbo .snoitcerid erofeB
detarapes yb a cesm-002 doirep gnirud hcihw ,gniniart euqilbo and lanidrac snoitcerid dedleiy
ylno eht ylmrofinu detanimulli neercs was -siv fo 0.51 and 1.55, ;ylevitcepser retfa gniniart
d’s
.elbi ”emaS“ trials, ni hcihw noitom koot eht elbarapmoc erew 1.60 and 3.10. roF htob
d’s
emas noitcerid gnirud htob ,slavretni and euqilbo and lanidrac gniniart snoitcerid -rep
”tnereffid“ trials, ni hcihw eht snoitcerid fo ecnamrof devorpmi yltnacifingis revo eht neves
noitom dereffid yb 3”, erew ylmodnar -retni snoisses F( = 22.13, .f.d = 6,36, .)1000.0
P <
.dexim ehT redro fo eht owt snoitcerid 3” apart nehW this tnacifingis gniniart tceffe was nekorb
was dezimodnar ssorca eht ”tnereffid“ trials. nwod otni lanogohtro dnert ,stnenopmoc ylno
ehT revresbo detroper rehtehw eht owt -cerid eht raenil dnert revo eht neves snoisses was
snoit erew emas ro tnereffid yb snaem fo a tnacifingis F( = 151.31, .f.d = 1,6, .)10.0
P <
.worht-hctiws ehT gradual tnemevorpmi nwohs yb all -vresbo
hcaE lairt-05 kcolb was deziretcarahc yb sre suggests a ssecorp tnereffid morf eht neddus
emos standard ,noitcerid hcihw deraeppa ni tnemevorpmi decudorp fi srevresbo erew ot
htob slavretni fo “same” trials and ni eno nrael ot kcip tuo eht evitcnitsid spatial serutaef
lavretni fo ”tnereffid“ trials. noitanimircsiD was fo a stimulus .riap
assessed dnuora thgie tnereffid :snoitcerid 0” toN yreve noitcerid devorpmi htiw .gniniart
,)drawthgir( 45”, 90” ,)drawpu( 135”, 1 80°, 225”, roF ,elpmaxe .giF 1 shows ecnamrofrep rof htob
270” and 315”. thgiE srevresbo erew :detset eno eht noitcerid that was deniart and eht noitcerid
was eht tsrif ;rohtua xis erew evian tuoba eht etisoppo eht deniart .noitcerid etoN osla that
esoprup fo eht .tnemirepxe tnemevorpmi htiw eht deniart noitcerid seod ton
ehT main noitrop fo eht tnemirepxe deriuqer emoc at eht esnepxe fo ecnamrofrep htiw eht
neves snoisses daerps revo 21-01 .syad nihtiW etisoppo .noitcerid nI ,noitidda stnemevorpmi
hcae ,noisses eht redro fo gnitset was yletarapes deniatbo htiw gniniart no lanidrac snoitcerid
dezimodnar rof eht .revresbo At eht gninnigeb erew elbarapmoc ot esoht deniatbo elihw -niart
fo eht ,tnemirepxe eno gniniart noitcerid was gni htiw an euqilbo noitcerid F( = 1.81,
assigned ot hcae .revresbo nI snoisses ,enO .f.d = 3.36, .)21.0
P =
gniniarT had on tnacifingis tceffe no eht eerht
snoitcerid tsom tnereffid morf eht s’revresbo
tnemirepxE* I saw previously reported ni Science llaB( dna
gniniart gnidulcni-noitcerid eht noitcerid -po
,relukeS 1982).
Improvement ni motion noitanimircsid 955
and + 135” ecnereffid neewteb tset and .gniniart
sihT tniop stluser morf eht suolamona -rep
A Oblaquar A ecnamrof fo owt ,srevresbo and, as eht sisylana
fo ecnairav suggests, dluohs ton eb nevig oot
hcum .thgiew
stseT rof noitneter fo noitanimircsid -mi
tnemevorp erew edam retfa ,gniniart at eerht
and net .skeew gniruD eht gninevretni doirep on
lanoitidda ecitcarp was .nevig Results era nwohs
A--___&___
60 ni eht dnahthgir noitrop fo .giF 1. elihW all eht
srevresbo erew detseter at eerht ,skeew ylno xis
fo eht lanigiro thgie srevresbo erew elbaliava rof
Session number Week of retest
eht dnoces tseter eht htnet keew gniwollof -niart
.giF 1. Performance for the gniniart direction dna the
direction opposite the deniart direction are nwohs for htob .gni yllautriV all fo eht lanigiro tnemevorpmi
the lanidrac dna euqilbo gniniart .snoitidnoc Note taht was ,deniater gnitacidni that eht tnemecnahne
improvement htiw the gniniart direction does not come ta
fo noitanimircsid serudne tuohtiw yna -idda
the expense of dehsinimid performance ta the direction
lanoit .gniniart ,eromrehtruF eht tnemevorpmi
opposite to ti dna taht gniniart htiw either na euqilbo or a
lanidrac direction produces elbarapmoc results. ehT right- ni noitanimircsid deunitnoc ot eb .cificeps
dnab portion setartsulli performance for xis of the eight
observers retested seven skeew .retal llA of the original
improvement saw .deniater
EXPERIMENT2
nI eht gnidecerp ,tnemirepxe srevresbo -er
etisop eht gniniart F(-noitcerid = 65.74,
deviec kcabdeef egdelwonk( fo )stluser -wollof
.f.d = 3,17, P < 0.01). The gninaem fo this -er
gni yreve .lairt eW depoh that this dluow -xam
sult nac eb nees ni .giF 2. ehT latnoziroh sixa
ezimi revetahw tnemevorpmi ni ecnamrofrep
sevig eht ,ecnereffid ni ,seerged neewteb eht
thgim poleved ssorca .snoisses suoiverP seiduts
gniniart and tset ;snoitcerid eht lacitrev sixa
fo lautpecrep gninrael evah dedleiy dexim -er
stneserper eht egnahc ni ’d morf yaD 1 ot yaD
sults no eht ecnatropmi fo esiwlairt .kcabdeef
7. roF htob lanidrac and euqilbo snoitcerid
hguohtlA llewkcalB detic( ni neerG and ,stewS
gniniart yltnacifingis sevorpmi noitanimircsid
)6691 dnuof that esiwlairt egdelwonk fo stluser
htiw eht gniniart noitcerid ,flesti and htiw -cerid
dedeeps ’stcejbus hcaorppa ot citotpmysa
snoit that era +45” .yawa ,revewoH -mi
,ecnamrofrep ydnuG )1691( and eeKcM and
tnemevorp 45” yawa morf eht gniniart noitcerid
remiehtseW )8791( dnuof elttil tceffe fo esiwlairt
is yltnacifingis less than at eht gniniart noitcerid
.kcabdeef sihT ytisrevid fo ,stluser edam us
flesti F( = 65.74, .f.d = 2,12, P < .)10.0 enO
rednow woh tnatropmi kcabdeef was ot -mi
data tniop ni .giF 2 sdeen :tnemmoc eht egral
tnemevorp ni noitcerid .noitanimircsid oS ew
egnahc ni d’ htiw euqilbo gniniart snoitcerid
detaeper tnemirepxE 1 htiw a wen tes fo -vresbo
,sre gnittimo .kcabdeef ehT data morf eseht
srevresbo dluow neht eb derapmoc ot eht data
20
morf rehto ,srevresbo ni tnemirepxE 1, ohw had
I5 deviecer .kcabdeef
(0 Method
thgiE srevresbo erew .detset enoN fo eseht
05
srevresbo had neeb detset ;ylsuoiverp enon erew
0.0 railimaf htiw eht esoprup fo eht .tnemirepxe
-051 -,a’ ._0 ’-,3 ’5 -9’ 0 I -45’ ’ 0’ I 4’ 5 ’ no’ ’ 13’ 5 ’ 18’ 0 ’ .ytiuc llAa had lamron ro lamron-ot-detcerroc lausiv
Training Direction - Test Direction (dog) ilumitS and apparatus erew .degnahcnu ehT
.giF 2. Mean change ni ’d from Session 1 to Session 7 sa a gnitset and gniniart snemiger erew lacitnedi ot
noitcnuf of the difference neewteb gniniart dna test direr
that fo tnemirepxE 1, tpecxe that srevresbo
.snoit etarapeS curves ma nwohs for observers ohw deniart
deviecer on kcabdeef gniwollof hcae .lairt eW
htiw euqilbo directions dna for observers ohw deniart htiw
lanidrac directions. ehT stniop plotted tsniaga - 180” dna ,did ,revewoh llet srevresbo at eht dne fo hcae
+ 180“ are necessarily .lacitnedi noisses woh hcum yenom yeht had .denrae
%9 KARLENBEA LL dna ROBERSTE KULER
Results and Discussion nI htob stnemirepxE 1 and 2, eht snoitcerid
detneserp no ”tnereffid“ trials erew detarapes
naeM seulav rof srevresbo deniart no
d’
yb just 3 .ged noitanimircsiD fo this small
lanidrac snoitcerid and rof srevresbo deniart no
~nere~id was hcum erom tluciffid rof euqilbo
euqilbo snoitcmid erew ~tu~nro~ rof eht neves
snoitcerid than rof lanidrac .snoitcerid sihT
.snoisses roF srevresbo deniart no lanidrac -id
laitnereffid ytluciffid yam eb a noitatsefinam fo
,snoitcer egareva ’d rof eht gniniart noitcerid
eht euqilbo“ ”tce’lfe ,ell~pA( .)2791 eW eveileb
esor morf 1.63, no yad ,eno ot 3.09, no yad
that this tceffe snialpxe yhw kcabdeef was -mi
.neves roF srevresbo deniart no euqilbo -cerid
tnatrop htiw ,euqilbo tub ton htiw ,lanidrac
,snoit d’ esor morf 0.57 ot 1.76, Data morf hcae
.gniniart neerG and stewS suggest that, ni eht
s’revresbo gniniart noitcerid ni stnemirepxE 1
ecnesba fo ticilpxe ,kcabdeef lac~syhpoh~ysF
and 2 erew deretne otni a deni~m~ .ATROA
srevresbo eunitnoc ot ekam esiwlairt ~r~~t~al
ehT llarevo tceffe fa ,gniniart ssorca htob
,stnemtsujda gnineprahs rieht lanretni -erper
,stnemirepxe was yllacitsitats tnacifingis
snoitatnes fo eht detcepxe ilumits neerG( and
=‘;I( 23.61, .f-d = 6,78, P < .)100.0
,stewS ;6691 p. .)%3 ehT egral euq~b~ tc&ffe
fO yramirp tseretni was eht yaw-gat -retni
yam naem that nehw yeht yrt ot etanimircsid
noitca gnoma yad fo ,gniniart gniniart noitcerid
neewteb euqilbo ,snoitcerid ’srevresbo lanretni
lanidrac( sv ,)euqilbo and noitidnoc fo kcabdeef
snoitatneserper fo eht detcepxe ilumits era less
tneserp( ro :)tnesba ;I = 2.53, .f.d = 6,78,
raelc than is eht esac htiw lanidrac ~s~oit~id
P < 0.05. erugiF 3 setatilicaf eht no~t~er~etni
,deednI &wob&L )5591( has detseggus this as
fo this tnacifingis yaw-eerht .noitcaretni ehT
eht esuac fo eht euqilbo tceffe dnuof htiw citats
reppu owt sevruc wohs that srevresbo deniart
.sruotnoc ,eroferehT ni ruo ,mgidarap kcabdeef
no ~u~id~uc snoitaro erew ton derepmah yb eht
yam eb erom irn~~nt rof srevresbo ~a~~in~
ecnesba fo ,kcabdeef oT ekat tub eno ,elpmaxe
no euqilbo ,snoitcerid esuaceb kcabdeef is -nesse
no yad neves ecnamrofrep htiw and tuohtiw
lait ni redro ot neprahs rieht noitatneserper fo
kcabeef was ton yltnacifingis tnereffid
eht ilumits yeht evah ot .etanim~sid kcabdeeF
P( 3 )05.0 ~revewo~ eht rewol owt sevruc wols
is less irn~~a~t ot srevresbo gniniart no -idrac
that srevresbo deniart no ~b~jq~ snoitcerid erew
nal snoitcerid ,esuaceb at eht ,testuo yeht -la
depleh yb eht ecneserp fo ;kcabdeef rof ,elpmaxe
ydaer evah a ,reraelc and erom ,elbats -tneserper
no yad ,neves ecnamrofrep htiw kcabdeef was
noita fo eht .ilumits
ylt~~~~is rehgih than ~na~ofr~ tuohtiw
nekaT ,rehtegot eht golorP ~t~nr~~xe
kcabeef P( ~0.05). etoN that neve tuohtiw
etartsnomed that gniniart nac ecudorp cificeps
,kcabdeef gniniart no euqilbo snoitcerid -orp
and gnitsal-gnol tnemevorpmi ni eht ytiliba ot
decud a small, tub tnacifingis tnemevorpmi ni
etanimessid neewteb snoit~rid fo .noitom -eB
~rf~~a~~ t( = 2.24, .f.d = 6, P < 0.05).
esuac tnemevorpmi saw llew detcirtser ot eht
deniart ,noitcerid ti smees ylekilnu that eht
tnemevorpmi was eht tcudorp fo emos -reneg
,deziia evitingoc gninrael tceffe fo erem -limaf
ytirai htiw eht task. ehT stnemirepxe osla wohs
that kcabdeef is yrassecen rof tnemevorpmi
rednu ,emos tub ton all, gniniart .snoitidnoc
EXPERIMENT 3
stnemirepxE 1 and 2 etartsnomed an -mi
tnemevorp ni nojt~rid noitalimissid that was
ylriaf cificeps ot eht gniniart .noitcerid tuB all fo
eseht stnemerusaem erew edam at a elgnis
,deeps 10 .cesjged woN ew detnaw ot enimreted
1234567 rehtehw gniniart no noitcerid di~~m~~ation
Day of Testing
dluow ezilareneg ot rehto .seiticolev
.giF 3. noitanimircsiD performance sa a noitcnuf of yad of
gniniart htiw lanidrac snoi&erid (0) dna euqilbo directions
.)A( nepO slobmys are for crbstrvers ohw received esikairt
thgiE wen srevresbo erew ,detset With ,hcae
&a&eef dilos slobmys are for observers ohw received
no esiwlairt .kcabdeef noitanimircsid was derusaem rof htob an
Improvement ni motion noitanimircsid 957
euqilbo and a lanidrac noitcerid hcae( ylmodnar ruo srevresbo dehcaer etotpmysa at tuoba
.)denimreted As ,erofeb no ”tnereffid“ trials, eht ,ces/gedOl elihw kametsaP and s’nagireM
owt snoitcerid dereffid yb 3”. human srevresbo dehcaer etotpmysa morf 1 ot
srevresbO erew detset htiw eht ,emas upward 3 .ces/ged eW tonnac tnuocca rof this percsid
noitcerid at sdeeps ni eht egnar morf 2 ot ycna neewteb eht citotpmysa seiticolev ni eht
.ces/ged61 tseT seiticolev erew detneserp ni owt .stnemirepxe
skcolb fo 50 trials ,hcae ni tnereffid modnar
sredro rof hcae .revresbo kcabdeeF was -orp
EXPERIMENT 4
dediv gniwollof yreve lairt and, as ,erofeb -bo
srevres deviecer 2 stnec rep tcerroc .esnopser ehT txen oirt fo stnemirepxe stneserper owt
ilumitS erew eht emas as ni stnemirepxE 1 tnereffid sehcaorppa ot gninifed eht elbissop
and 2 tpecxe that 256 stod rehtar( than )215 lacimotana sucol fo eht noitanimircsid -evorpmi
erew dettolp ni hcae ,emarf and that a wen stnem dnuof .reilrae tnemirepxE 4 derusaem
yllaitaps modnar nrettap was detareneg retfa ralucoretni refsnart fo noitcerid noitanimircsid
hcae lairt rehtar( than retfa a kcolb fo 50 .)slairt retfa .gniniart fI noitanimircsid-noitcerid -niart
esehT snoitacifidom ni erudecorp era deniater gni detceffa ylno raluconom ,snoruen srevresbo
rof all tneuqesbus .stnemirepxe dluohs wohs on refsnart fo gniniart nehw eht
tset stimulus was detneserp ot eht deniartnon
Results dna Discussion
.eye hcuS a tluser dluow timiled eht sucol fo eht
Results era nwohs ni .giF 4, erehw naem ’d gniniart tceffe ot snoiger fo eht lausiv metsys at
seulav era nwohs as a noitcnuf fo stimulus ro erofeb aera 17, erehw eht raluconib sllec tsrif
.yticolev As deeps ,desaercni ytilibanimircsid .raeppa
desaercni ylraenil rof htob eht euqilbo -cerid
Method
snoit 2r( = )69.0 and eht lanidrac snoitcerid
2r( = .)99.0 ecniS ’d emaceb citotpmysa neewteb thgiE srevresbo erew .detset llA dewohs
8 and ,ces/gedOl ew detaluclac eht raenil -er htped-oerets noitpecrep that was nihtiw lamron
noisserg fo ’d against deeps detaluclac ylno revo ,stimil using a hcsuaB and bmoL rotarohtrO
eht egnar fo .ces/gedOl-2 ,etoN ni eht ,erugif and tod-modnar smargoerets ,zseluJ( .)1791
that eht ecnereffid neewteb euqilbo snoitcerid hcaE revresbo decitcarp making -emas“
and lanidrac snoitcerid sniamer egral as deeps is ”tnereffid ,stnemgduj as debircsed ,ylsuoiverp
.desaercni rof eno fo eht lanidrac .snoitcerid flaH eht
gnikroW htiw htob enilef and human -vresbo srevresbo decitcarp htiw rieht tnanimod ,eye
,sre kametsaP and nagireM )4891( dnuof that, and flah desu rieht tnanimodnon ;eye eht rehto
up ot emos gnitimil ,yticolev noitcerid -imircsid eye was derevoc htiw an euqapo .hctap ilumitS
noitan sdlohserht desaerced ylraenil htiw eht and apparatus erew as ni tnemirepxE 3. hcaE
mhtiragol fo stimulus .yticolev dnoyeB that revresbo was assigned eno fo eht ruof lanidrac
gnitimil ,yticolev snoitcerid noitanimircsid snoitcerid as a gniniart .noitcerid On eht ,tsrif
was .tnatsnoc hguohtlA ruo stluser evah a ,htruof and htneves snoisses hcae revresbo was
ralimis ,mrof ereht is eno tnacifingis :ecnereffid detset htiw hcae eye no his ro reh gniniart
,noitcerid and snoitcerid +45” and 180” .yawa
On eseht syad htob seye erew .detset On syad 2,
3, 5, and 6 hcae revresbo decitcarp no his ro reh
gniniart noitcerid rof a latot fo 500 trials rep
.yad llA rehto serudecorp erew lacitnedi ot esoht
0 0 0 fo tnemirepxE 1.
A Results dna Discussion
erugiF 5 shows eht stluser fo eht .tnemirepxe
roirP ot ,gniniart *srevresbo owt seye evag lauqe
noitcerid noitanimircsid (t = 0.096, .f.d = 26,
0.5 t
P > ;)05.0 eht deniart-eb-ot eye degareva
I
I I I I I I I I ’d = 1.77 elihw eht rehto eye degareva ’d = 1.76.
6144l21016642
deepS (drgm%/s6md) oT enimaxe eht stceffe fo ,gniniart ew did an
ANOVA no hcae s’revresbo ecnamrofrep no eht
.giF 4. noitanimircsiD of direction sa a noitcnuf of sulumits
tsrif and last syad fo eht .tnemirepxe ,llarevO
958 KNUENE LLAB dna TREBOR SEKULER
snoruen that eh ni ro dnoyeb eht yramirp lausiv
xetroc ,)lV( erehw raluconib snoitcaretni era
tsrif nees ni eht etamirp lausiv metsys lebuH(
and ,leseiW .)8691 ehT tneserp tnemirepxe
thguos ot rehtruf ezilacol eht laruen etis fo ruo
,tceffe yb gninimreted rehtehw gniniart thgim eb
detcirtser ot eht gniniart .erehpsimeh
sihT tnemirepxe had owt ,rehto yraidisbus
.sesoprup ,tsriF ew dehsiw ot erapmoc eht -roc
lacit ’serehpsimeh evitaler seitiliba ot etaidem
snoitanimircsid fo .noitcerid suoiverP hcraeser
no rehto spatial gnidulcni-sksat noitatneiro
detseggus-noitanimircsid a slight, tub statisti-
yllac tnacifingis thgir cirehpsimeh ytiroirepus
rof suoirav spatial tasks ,arumiK( .)3791 -ceS
,dno ecnedive fo cirehpsimeh noitazilacol fo
Fig. 5. noitceriD noitanimircsid htiw the eye that dah been gniniart dluow ekam ti tluciffid ot nialpxe eht
deniart (stippled )srab dna htiw the eye that dah ton been gniniart tceffe ni smret fo sessecorp that era ton
deniart raelc( .)srab sraB ta left wohs ecnamrofrep derusaem yllacirehpsimeh ,detcirtser hcus as emos -reneg
erofeb ;gniniart srab ta thgir wohs ecnamrofrep ta dne fo
dezila evitingoc egnahc revo .emit
.gniniart
sdohteM
ecitcarp devorp ot eb evitceffe F( = 32.80, neetruoF wen srevresbo erew .detset llA had
.f.d = 1,12, P < ;)100.0 ,yllanoitidda -mrofrep lamron lausiv ytiuca and lamron ytiucaoerets
ecna htiw eht deniart eye devorpmi yltnacifingis (as assessed yb eht .)retarohtrO srevresbO erew
erom than ecnamrofrep htiw eht deniartnu eye detset ,ylraluconom using ylno rieht thgir .seye
F( = 8.49, .f.d = 1,12, P < .)10.0 ilumitS and apparatus deniamer eht .emas
erugiF 5 shows that deniart seye evag ylthgils ehT flah ,dleif and ecneh eht erehpsimeh fo eht
retteb noitcerid noitanimircsid than deniartnu larberec ,xetroc that deviecer eht stimulus -rofni
seye .did hguohtlA eht deniart eye devorpmi noitam was dellortnoc yb using noitaxif srekram
yltnacifingis erom than did eht deniartnu ,eye ti 15” no rehtie edis fo eht .yalpsid
is raelc that ecitcarp had a elbigilgennon tceffe hcaE revresbo was assigned eno noitcerid
no eht ncr deniart eye as .llew eW nac sserpxe eht rehtie 90” ,]drawpu[ ro 180” ,]drawtfel[ and eno
tnuoma fo ralucoretni refsnart yb taking eht flah dleif rof erusopxe gnirud .gniniart On yad
oitar neewteb eht egnahc ni ’d rof eht deniartnu eno fo eht tnemirepxe hcae revresbo was detset
eye and that rof eht deniart .eye sihT oitar ni ruof ,snoitidnoc denifed yb eht noitanibmoc
suggests that tuoba %47 fo eht raluconom fo 90“ and 180” snoitcerid fo tnemevom ni rehtie
gniniart is derrefsnart ot eht ,rehto deniartnu tfel ro thgir flah .dleif
.eye gnittuP this tluser tahwemos ,yltnereffid eht hcaE fo eht ruof tset snoitidnoc was detneserp
tceffe fo gniniart smees ot evah a raluconom ni a kcolb fo 50 trials. evlewT skcolb erew nur
tnenopmoc as llew as a raluconib ,eno hguoht no syad ,enO ruoF and ,neveS htiw eerht -eper
eht rettal is ylbaredisnoc .regral snoitit fo hcae noitidnoc ylmodnar detneserp no
,yllaniF eht tnuoma fo ralucoretni refsnart ni hcae fo esoht .syad
this tnemirepxe is elbarapmoc ot eht ralucoretni On eht gniniamer syad fo eht -tnemirepxe
refsnart detroper yb kceK and ecirP ,)2891( ni ,dnoces ,driht ,htfif and srevresbo-htxis -carp
a yduts fo eht noitom .tcefferetfa decit eht noitanimircsid task rof neetfif skcolb fo
50 trials hcae htiw rieht assigned noitcerid fo
tnemevom and assigned noitaxif .tniop
EXPERIMENT 5
stluseR dna noissucsiD
ehT suoiverp tnemirepxe dewohs that a
tnacifingis noitrop fo noitanimircsid gniniart ruO main nrecnoc was rehtehw tnemevorpmi
derrefsnart .ylralucoretni sihT suggests that at ni eht deniart noitcerid dluow refsnart neewteb
tsael emos fo eht gniniart sevlovni snoruen that eht -deniart and eht .serehpsimeh-deniartnu
era decneulfni yb htob .seye ,neht‘,yllacimotanA ,yllacificepS ew detnaw ot wonk rehtehw -rep
at tsael a noitrop fo eht gniniart tceffe sevlovni ecnamrof no eht gniniart noitcerid dluow reffid
Improvement ni motion noitanimircsid 959
htiw ytiurgnoc fo snoitaxif gnirud gniniart was 0.77 ni eht tfel flah dleif and 0.79 ni eht
and .tset oT rewsna this ,noitseuq ew did an ,thgir a ecnereffid that was ton yllacitsitats
ANOVA no hcae s’revresbo ecnamrofrep htiw tnacifingis .)05.0 ,suhT ereht is on ecnedive
(P >
his ro reh ralucitrap gniniart .noitcerid fo an ,laitini erehpsimeh-thgir tfel( flah )dleif
As detcepxe morf ruo suoiverp ,stnemirepxe ytiroirepus ni noitcerid .noitanimircsid
eht llarevo tceffe fo yad fo gniniart was stat- ,yllaniF as .giF 6 suggests, eht egareva -rep
yllacitsi tnacifingis F( = 12.93, .f.d = 2,26, ecnamxof ni this tnemirepxe was llew woleb
.)100.0 ,revoeroM eht ytiurgnoc fo -tset egareva ecnamrofrep ni ruo suoiverp -rapmoc
P <
and noitaxif-gniniart yltnacifingis detceffa dis- elba .stnemirepxe roF ,elpmaxe erofeb ,ecitcarp
noitanimirc F( = 72.12, .f.d = 1,13, .)100.0 eht naem eulav fo ’d rof eht tneserp tnemirepxe
P <
,yllaniF eht noitcaretni neewteb )a( yad fo -niart was ylno 0.75, derapmoc ot a eulav fo 1.63 ni
gni and )b( ytiurgnoc fo snoitaxif was osla tnemirepxE 1 ees( eht seulav rof lanidrac -cerid
tnacifingis F( = 29.19, .f.d = 2,26, .)100.0 snoit ni .giF .)1 ehT decuder ecnamrofrep -bo
P <
esehT stluser nac eb nees ni lacihparg mrof ni devres tsom ylekil stluser morf cirtnecce
.giF 6. .noitaxif
ehT tnacifingis noitcaretni ni eht ANOVA enO rehto yduts has derusaem noitcerid
setacidni that gniniart secudorp a retaerg tceffe noitanimircsid at suoirav laniter .seiticirtnecce
nehw gniniart and tset snoitaxif era tneurgnoc kametsaP and nagireM )4891( detset eno -bo
than nehw eht owt snoitaxif era .tneurgnocnon revres htiw a tod-gnivom yalpsid detneserp htob
,oS nehw gniniart and tset ilumits tcejorp ot eht ni lartnec gniweiv and htiw eht yalpsid 16 ged
emas erehpsimeh tneurgnoc( ,)snoitaxif -mircsid evoba .noitaxif owT fo rieht sgnidnif era -citrap
noitani sevorpmi yltnacifingis erom than nehw ylralu tnaveler :ereh ,tsrif eht tsewol noitcerid
esoht ilumits tcejorp ot tnereffid serehpsimeh dlohserht deveihca htiw suoirav seiticolev was
tneurgnocnon( .)snoitaxif eW ,derednow eht emas rof lartnec and cirtnecce ;gniweiv
,hguoht rehtehw tneurgnocnon snoitaxif -orp ,dnoces rof ynam stimulus ,seiticolev noitcerid
decud yna ecitcarp tceffe at all. A tset-t no data noitanimircsid was ylbaredisnoc reroop htiw
morf hcae s’revresbo gniniart noitcerid dewohs cirtnecce gniweiv than htiw lartnec .gniweiv ehT
that noitanimircsid htiw tneurgnocnon noitaxif tneserp tnemirepxe desu just eno stimulus -lev
no eht tsal yad fo gniniart did ton reffid ,ytico hcihw was ylbaborp oot wol ot ecudorp
yltnacifingis morf noitanimircsid htiw -non an llams-yllacitotpmysa ecnereffid .dlohserht
tneurgnoc noitaxif no eht tsrif yad fo gniniart ,yltneuqesnoC kametsaP and s’nagireM stluser
t( = 0.41, .f.d = 12, P > 0.50). The stifeneb fo troppus eht noitseggus that yticirtnecce fo -weiv
,gniniart ,neht raeppa ot eb detcirtser ot eht gni stnuocca rof eht ylevitaler wol seulav
d’
erehpsimeh that seviecer eht .gniniart deniatbo ni eht tneserp .tnemirepxe
eW txen derapmoc eht owt lausiv -imeh
’serehps evitcepser seiticapac rof gnitaidem -id
EXPERIMENT 6
noitcer .noitanimircsid erofeB ,ecitcarp naem d
nI redro ot etaicossid eht erehpsimeh that was
gnieb deniart morf eht erehpsimeh that dluow
Hmirphrrr eb ,detset ew osla had ot etaicossid eht laniter
aera gnieb deniart morf eht laniter aera that
dluow eb .detset ,yltneuqesnoC tnemirepxE 5
stroppus on raelc tnemetats tuoba woh eseht
owt secruos fo lacitroc-noitaicossid and
thgim-laniter evah detubirtnoc yletarapes ot
I I I 1 1 eht devresbo .tnemevorpmi ruO reilrae stluser
I 4 7
htiw ralucoretni refsnart tnemirepxE( )4 dewohs
yaD of Trainq
that a deniartnon laniter noiger dluoc wohs eht
.giF 6. Direction noitanimircsid )’d( sa a noitcnuf of yad of
stceffe fo ,gniniart at tsael nehw that deniartnon
gniniart for four snoitanibmoc of gniweiv noitaxif dna
direction of movement. diloS slobmys represent conditions noiger was eht laretalartnoc golomoh ot eht
ni hcihw test dna gniniart targets projected to the emas deniart .noiger tuB ew evah on noitamrofni
lausiv ,erehpsimeh open slobmys represent conditions ni tuoba refsnart ot snoiger that era ton sgolomoh
hcihw test dna gniniart targets projected to opposite lausiv
ot eht deniart .noiger
.serehpsimeh serauqS represent conditions ni hcihw test dna
,suhT ew thguos emos yaw ot elgnatnesid owt
gniniart directions erew the ,emas circles represent con-
snoitid ni hcihw test dna gniniart directions differed yb 180”. srotcaf that thgim lortnoc refsnart fo :gniniart
960 ENELRAK LLAB dna TREBOR RELUKES
)i( cirehpsimehretni noitarapes fo gniniart and ,ecit and roirp ot eht lautca ,tnemirepxe eht tsrif
tset ,noitalumits and )ii( laniter noitarapes fo rohtua was elba ot yfitnedi eht tniop gnieb
gniniart and tset .noitalumits nI redro ot -nesid detaxif emos %09 fo eht .emit ehT wef trials
elgnat eht owt ,srotcaf ew deirav eht laniter no hcihw noitaxif deraeppa ot rednaw erew
palrevo neewteb eht tset and gniniart ilumits .dedracsid
elihw gnitcirtser htob ilumits ot eht emas -imeh
aniter and, ,erofereht ot eht emas larberec -imeh Results and Discussion
.erehps nI .giF 7, hcihw stneserp eht stluser -hparg
,yllaci evitisop seulav no eht rewol abscissa
Observers and Method etacidni that eht tset yalpsid yal evoba eht
ilumitS and apparatus erew as .erofeb thgiE s’revresbo ,level-eye evitagen seulav etacidni
wen ,srevresbo all htiw lamron lausiv ,ytiuca that ti yal .woleb
erew .detset fO yramirp tseretni erew ,segnahc desuac yb
With eht s’revresbo daeh dezilibats yb a -nihc ,gniniart ni noitanimircsid at suoirav .snoitaxif
tser and daeh ,tniartser eht s’yalpsid retnec yal oT eraperp rof eht lanogohtro esiw-riap -moc
yltcerid ni tnorf fo eht s’revresbo thgir .eye ehT snosirap ni hcihw ew erew ,detseretni ew had ot
tfel eye was .dedulcco ehT revresbo detaxif eno tcirtser ruo ANOVA ot data morf eht tsrif and
fo 11 tnereffid small, kcalb sessorc detacol no an last syad fo ;gnitset eht etaidemretni yad was
yranigami lacitrev enil 5” ot eht tfel fo s’yalpsid dettimo rof this .sisylana llA( stluser era nwohs
.retnec esehT noitaxif stniop erew detacol at eye ni .giF ).7
,level and at 2”, 4”, 6”, 8”, and 10” evoba and sihT ANOVA ,dewohs ,tsrif that revo all
woleb eht lartnec .tniop sihT tnemegnarra fo snoitidnoc fo ,noitaxif noitanimircsid devorpmi
noitaxif stniop desuac eht yalpsid ot eb degami revo eht esruoc fo gniniart F( = 113.71,
no eht nasal aniter fo eht thgir ;eye eht laruen .f.d = 1,14, .)100.0 ,dnoceS revo eht esruoc
P <
noitamrofni detaitini yb eht yalpsid dluow eb fo ,gniniart noitanimircsid denilced htiw
detcejorp ot eht tfel larberec .erehpsimeh yticirtnecce fo tset noitalumits F( = 32.92,
nehW noitaxif was no eht lartnec ,tniop eht .f.d = 10,70, .)100.0 hcaE fo eseht stluser is
P <
tseraen egde fo eht 8” retemaid yalpsid yal 1” yrotamrifnoc fo sgnidnif morf a suoiverp -irepxe
morf eht noitaxif .tniop tnem detroper .ereh ,oslA eht etamixorppa
ehT standard noitcerid fo noitom no “same” laretalib yrtemmys fo hcae evruc suggests that
trials, was ;drawpu no ”tnereffid“ trials, eht owt noitcerid noitanimircsid seod ton reffid neewteb
snoitcerid fo noitom dereffid yb eerht .seerged eht -reppu and .sdleifimeh-rewol
gniruD noisses enO fo eht ,tnemirepxe ew eW erew ylniam detseretni ni rehtehw -mi
assessed noitcerid noitanimircsid ni eno kcolb fo tnemevorp ni noitcerid noitanimircsid dluow
50 trials at hcae sucol fo .noitaxif ehT redro fo
gnitset htiw suoirav icol was ylmodnar -reted
denim rof hcae .revresbo gniruD snoisses ruoF Test dna Tromng polrevO (%)
0 0 SI 93 66 001 66 93 91 0 0
and ,neveS noitcerid noitanimircsid was again I 1I ! I t 11 ( I I
-_ 2 5
,detset htiw wen modnar sredro fo noitaxif
.noitisop
gniruD eht gniniamer latnemirepxe
eht-snoisses ,dnoces ,driht ,htfif and na-htxis
revresbo deviecer noitcerid noitanimircsid -niart
gni elihw noitaxif was deniatniam no eht ,lartnec
level-eye noitaxif .tniop On eseht gniniart syad 2- 0 2 4 6 6 01
eht revresbo edam noitcerid snoitanimircsid ni Test Target Locotlon (deg)
15 skcolb fo 50 trials ,hcae gniviecer kcabdeef .giF 7. Direction noitanimircsid )’d( sa a noitcnuf of eccen-
yticirt of noitaxi! gnirud testing. nO the rewol ,assicsba
retfa hcae .lairt
positive values denote snoitaxif above eye level, elihw nega-
gniruD yreve ,noisses eht tsrif rohtua -noc
tive values denote snoitaxif woleb eye level. ehT central
yllaunit derotinom eht s’revresbo .noitaxif oT ,eulav zero, s&ngis taht the test target yal yltcerid ta eye
erusne that ehs dluow eb elba ot tceted reporpmi level. Zero also corresponds to the location of the sulumits
,snoitaxif roirp ot eht start fo this ,tnemirepxe gnirud .gniniart etarapeS curves represent stnemerusaem
nekat on the first, fourth dna seventh yad of .gniniart seulaV
eht tsrif rohtua decitcarp gnigduj an s’revresbo
on the reppu assicsba wohs the percent of overlap neewteb
noitaxif sucol elihw tsrif eno tniop and neht
the laniter segami of gniniart dna test ilumits gnimussa(
rehtona erew dexif at .modnar retfA this -carp perfect .)noitaxif
Improvement in motion discrimination 961
refsnart morf a detalumits laniter noiger ot eno that elihw laniter palrevo neewteb gniniart
that had ton neeb .detalumits oT rewsna this and tset stegrat sdael ot erom tnemevorpmi
,noitseuq ew denimaxe eht noitcaretni neewteb ni noitcerid ,noitanimircsid emos tnemevorpmi
yad fo gnitset and sucol fo .noitaxif sihT devorp srucco neve htiw elttil ro on .palrevo ehT -dnif
ot eb yllacitsitats tnacifingis F( = 10.53, gni that gniniart yam ton daerps revo taerg
.f.d = 10, 140, P < ,)lOO.O gnitseggus that -niart secnatsid nihtiw a elgnis aniter&meh yam -er
gni did ton evah eht emas tceffe at all eht icol eriuq a noitaterpretnier fo ruo stluser htiw
fo noitaxif desu rof .gnitset cirehpsimehretni .refsnart tI is tluciffid ot elur
ehT naem erauqs rorre rof eht ANOVA -retni tuo eht ytilibissop that eht ecnesba fo -retni
noitca was desu ot etaluclac eht eulav fo a elgnis cirehpsimeh refsnart ni tnemirepxE 5 dluoc
lacitirc ecnereffid rof eht yekuT tset htiw( tcelfer a lareneg kcal fo refsnart revo egral
P < .)50.0 eW neht derapmoc eht -evorpmi ,secnatsid rehtar than yna laiceps noitatimil no
denifed-stnem yb eht dlflerence neewteb tsrif noitacinummoc neewteb .serehpsimeh -woH
and last syad fo ta-gniniart suoirav gniniart ,reve eseht stnemirepxe evah ylno dehctarcs eht
.seiticirtnecce sihT tnemevorpmi was sign& ;ecafrus eht erutan and stimil fo 1aera daerps
yltnac retaerg at snoitisop-tset fo 0” and +2” eriuqer lanoitidda .yduts
than at yna rehto eseht( owt snoitidnoc did ton
reffid morf eno .)rehtona nI ,noitidda -evorpmi
EXPERIMENT 7
stnem at eht etaidemretni *-snoitisop 4”, f 6”
and did-”8f ton reffid yltnacifingis morf eno woH lareneg era eht gniniart stceffe that ew
.rehtona ,yllaniF stnemevorpmi at eht tsom evah ?devresbo nI ,ralucitrap dluow gniniart no
emertxe tset ,snoitisop 10” erew yltnacifingis noitcerid noitanimircsid evorpmi rehto stcepsa
rellams than esoht at rehto .snoitisop fo noitom noitpecrep ro dluow eht -evorpmi
ehT semoctuo fo eseht snosirapmoc nac eb tnem eb detimil ot noitcerid ?noitanimircsid oT
desserpxe ni smret fo eht detamitse laniter -revo rewsna this ,noitseuq ew derapmoc eht tsartnoc
lap neewteb ,stegrat detacidni as a egatnecrep noitceted sdlohserht rof stod that devom ni eht
no eht reppu abscissa ni .giF 7. esehT -rep deniart noitcerid against tsartnoc noitceted
segatnec assume that srevresbo detaxif ylidaets sdlohserht rof stod that devom ni a noitcerid
no eht snoitacol assigned, gnirud htob gniniart etisoppo eht gniniart .noitcerid
and tset .sdoirep ehT tolp ni smret fo laniter
Observers dna Method
,palrevo sthgilhgih lareves .stcaf ,tsriF eht gral
tse stnemevorpmi ni noitanimircsid emac nehw ehT srevresbo erew eht emas seno ohw had
laniter palrevo neewteb gniniart and tset stegrat neeb deniart ni tnemirepxE ;4 rof hcae ,tcejbus
was .tsetaerg ,dnoceS revo a elbaredisnoc -irav noitceted sdlohserht erew nekat no eht yad
noita ni laniter morf-palrevo 39 ot eht-%O gnidecerp eht start fo gniniart and no eht yad
tceffe did ton egnahc .yltnacifingis ,drihT neve gniwollof eht dne fo .gniniart
htiw an yticirtnecce fo 8”, and orez lanimon sdlohserhT erew derusaem htiw a -retla-2
palrevo neewteb tset and gniniart ,stegrat -niart evitan decrof eciohc gnikcart .erudecorp On
gni seod ecudorp a yllacitsitats tnacifingis -mi hcae ,lairt gnivom stod erew detneserp ni ylno
tnemevorp ni .noitanimircsid eno fo ,owt cesm-OOS ;slavretni gnirud eht rehto
At + ,”ol htiw orez lanimon ,palrevo ereht lavretni ylno eht ylmrofinu detanimulli yalpsid
was on yllacitsitats tnacifingis tnemevorpmi was .elbisiv ehT revresbo had ot yfitnedi eht
htiw .ecitcarp sihT dluoc evah nesira morf eht lavretni gnirud hcihw stod had neeb .detneserp
kcal fo laniter palrevo neewteb gniniart and tset A gnikcart emehcs detacol eht dlohserht -noc
,stegrat tub ecnis ew dnuof tnacifingis gniniart trast that delbane %57 tcerroc noitacifitnedi fo
stceffe rof orez palrevo at +8”, ew rovaf -na eht lavretni gniniatnoc gnivom .stod
rehto .noitanalpxe On yad enO fo ,gnitset eht stoD devom at ,ccs/gedOl rehtie ni eht
naem eulav fo ’d at 10” yticirtnecce was raen s’revresbo gniniart ,noitcerid ni eht noitcerid
.orez nI stnemirepxE 1, 2 and 4, nehw -mircsid ,etisoppo ro ni eno euqilbo noitcerid ged54
noitani was roop ro orez at eht start fo ,gniniart morf eht gniniart .noitcerid nihtiW a kcolb fo
ecitcarp had a ylgnidnopserroc small ro llun trials all tnemevom was ni eno .noitcerid
.tceffe oS eht eruliaf ot dnif tnemevorpmi htiw
Results dna Discussion
10” yticirtnecce dluoc llew tcelfer roop laitini
.noitanimircsid erugiF 8 shows eht naem stsartnoc deriuqer
ehT stluser fo this tnemirepxe suggest, ,neht -erp and gniniart-tsop ni redro ot ecudorp %57
ENELRAK LLAB dna ROBERT SEKULER
,rehtegotlA revo suoirav ,stnemirepxe ew
---!!iI
deniart lareves nezod tnereffid srevresbo ot dis-
QhhUfl-M etanimirc snoitcerid fo noitom that dereffid yb
3”. ehT stluser era dezirammus ni .giF 9. As eht
erugif dnegel ,seton srevresbo erew deniart htiw
and tuohtiw ,kcabdeef no euqilbo snoitcerid and
no lanidrac ,snoitcerid ylraluconom as llew as
.ylraluconib nI ,noitidda .giF 9. osla sedulcni
data morf ,rehtona tolip ,yduts ton detroper
,ereh that denimaxe eht stceffe fo stimulus
.deeps
ehT lanogaid enil passing hguorht eht nigiro
is eht detcepxe sucol fo data stniop that dluow
eb deniatbo ni eht ecnesba fo .tnemevorpmi
noitciD of movmard etoN eht ytilasrevinu-raen fo ,tnemevorpmi
detneserper yb eht tcaf that yreve s’tcejbus data
.giF 8. ecnanimuL contrast required ni order to achieve
tniop seil evoba eht lanogaid hguoht( ton -secen
75% correct detection performance htiw dots taht move ni
yliras yb a yllacitsitats tnacifingis .)tnuoma sihT
the deniart direction (left ,)srab ni the opposite direction
elddim( ,)srab dna ni na euqilbo direction (right .)srab erugif osla sthgilhgih secnereffid gnoma -vresbo
ataD are nwohs yletarapes for stnemerusaem edam before ,sre as llew as gnoma tnereffid tset and gniniart
gniniart delppits( )srab dna after gniniart (clear .)srab
.snoitidnoc
noitaleR ot other work no perceptual gninrael
tcerroc noitceted rof hcae fo eht eerht snoitcerid
.detset etoN that tsartnoc sdlohserht era -kirts hguohtlA eht erutaretil no lautpecrep -mael
ylgni detceffanu yb emit fo gnitset erofeb( ro gni is ,egral yrev wef seiduts ni that erutaretil
retfa )gniniart ro yb eht noitcerid fo .noitom elbmeser ruo .nwo ylnO eerht seiduts ni noisiv
noitceriD noitanimircsid gniniart sraeppa ot eb evah edam esu fo signal noitceted serudecorp
tuohtiw tceffe no noitceted .sdlohserht ot enimaxe lautpecrep :gninrael reyaM )3891(
eeKcM and remiehtseW ,)8791( and initneroiF
and idrareR .)1891( fO ,eseht ylno initneroiF
LARENEG DISCUSSION
and s’idrareB yduts fo gnitarg mrofevaw dis-
oT ezirammus eht sgnidnif and snoitacilpmi noitanimirc denimaxe hguone tnereffid -noc
fo ruo neves :seiduts snoitid fo gniniart and refsnart ot wolla -naem
)1( ehT tceffe fo gniniart is -yllanoitcerid lufgni snosirapmoc htiw ruo nwo .sgnidnif
,evitceles gnieb detcirtser ot snoitcerid nihtiw
tuoba 45” fo eht deniart .noitcerid
)2( ehT gniniart tceffe serudne rof at tsael 10
skeew tuohtiw elbinrecsid .tnemerced
)3( tnemevorpmI rof noitcerid noitanimircsid
seod ton tceffa noitom noitpecrep .yllareneg nI
,ralucitrap gniniart-noitcerid has on tceffe no
tsartnoc sdlohserht rof noitom .noitceted
)4( kcabdeeF gniwollof yreve lairt sekam a
,ecnereffid tub ylno rof euqilbo snoitcerid erehw
eht laitini ecnamrofrep is hcum esrow ot nigeb
.htiw
)5( srevresbO wohs ,elbaredisnoc tub ton
.etelpmoc ralucoretni refsnart fo .gniniart
)6( tfeL and thgir larberec serehpsimeh od ton V 1 o. 1 I I
,reffid rehtie rof laitini noitanimircsid -rep I 2.0 30 40
Dircriminobility Before Training (d’)
ecnamrof ro rof ytilibitpecsus ot .gniniart
)7( laniteR palrevo neewteb gniniart and tset .giF 9. Direction noitanimircsid on yad One plotted tsniaga
direction noitanimircsid on yad Seven of ,gniniart for
ilumits yltaerg setatilicaf tnemevorpmi ni dis-
xis different .stnemirepxe ehT lanogaid enil setacidni the
noitanimirc ,ecnamrofrep hguoht emos -mi
expected locus of atad stniop fi performance dah been
tnemevorp nac rucco htiw elttil .palrevo degnahcnu from yad One to yad Seven.