Table Of ContentDIRECT AND LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION I
FLUID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Volume 26
Series Editor: R. MOREAU
MADYLAM
Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Hydraulique de Grenoble
Boite Postale 95
38402 Saint Martin d 'Heres Cedex, France
Aims and Scope of the Series
The purpose of this series is to focus on subjects in which fluid mechanics plays a
fundamental role.
As well as the more traditional applications of aeronautics, hydraulics, heat and
mass transfer etc., books will be published dealing with topics which are currently
in a state of rapid development, such as turbulence, suspensions and multiphase
fluids, super and hypersonic flows and numerical modelling techniques.
It is a widely held view that it is the interdisciplinary subjects that will receive
intense scientific attention, bringing them to the forefront of technological advance
ment. Fluids have the ability to transport matter and its properties as well as
transmit force, therefore fluid mechanics is a subject that is particulary open to
cross fertilisation with other sciences and disciplines of engineering. The subject of
fluid mechanics will be highly relevant in domains such as chemical, metallurgical,
biological and ecological engineering. This series is particularly open to such new
multidisciplinary domains.
The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts are
monographs defining the current state of a field; others are accessible to final year
undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
Direct and Large-Eddy
Simulation I
Selected papers from
the First ERCOFTAC Workshop
on Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation
Edited by
PETER R. VOKE
University of Surrey,
Guildford, U.K.
LEONHARD KLEISER
DLR,
Göttingen, Germany
and
JEAN-PIERRE CHOLLET
Universite J. Fourier,
Grenoble, France
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ERCQFCT AWorkshop on Direc t and Large-Eddy Simulatio n (1s t : 1994 :
Universi/t y of Surrey)
Direct and large-edd y simulatio n I : selecte d papers fro m th e Firs t
ERCQFCT AWorkshop on Direc t and Large-Eddy Simulation , The
Universit y of Surrey, Guildford , U.K., 27-30 March 1994 / edite d by
Peter R. Voke, Leonhard Kleiser , Jean-Pierr e Chollet .
p. cm. — (Flui d mechanics and it s application s ; 2 6)
ISBN 978-94-010-4434-9 ISBN 978-94-011-1000-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1000-6
1. Flui d dynamics—Mathematicla models—Congresse.s I . Voke,
Peter R., 1950- . II .K leiser , Leonhard. III . Chollet , Jean
-Pierre . IV. Title . V. Series .
TA357.E75 1994
620. 1 ' 064—dc20 94-32855
ISBN 978-94-010-4434-9
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanica,l
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Preface ix
List of Participants
Xlll
Structures from Simulations
Large-Scale Structures in the Turbulent Flow Near a Right-Angled 1
Corner
S. GAVRILAKIS
Very-Large-Scale Structures in DNS 13
K.H. BECH and H.1. ANDERSSON
Eddy Structures in a Simulated Plane Turbulent Jet Educed by 25
Pattern Recognition Analysis
S.H. LO
Subgrid-Scale Modelling
Experimental Study of Similarity Subgrid-Scale Models of Turbulence 37
in the Far-Field of a Jet
S. LID, C. MENEVEAU and J. KATZ
Direct and Large Eddy Simulations of Round Jets 49
M. FATICA, P. ORLANDI and R. VERZICCO
Subgrid-Scale Models based upon the Second-Order Structure- 61
Function of Velocity
P. COMTE, o. METAlS, E. DAVID, F. DUCROS,
M.A. GONZE and M. LESIEUR
Significant Terms in Dynamic SGS-Modeling 73
M. OLSSON and L. FUCHS
Assessment of the Generalised Normal Stress and the Bardina 85
Reynolds Stress Subgrid-Scale Models in Large Eddy Simulation
K. HORIUTI
vi
Subgrid-Scale Modelling in the Near-Wall Region of Turbulent 97
Wall-Bounded Flows
C. HARTEL and L. KLEISER
Two-dimensional Simulations with Subgrid Scale Models for 109
Separated Flow
P. SAGAUT, B. TROFF, T.ll. LE and T.P. LOC
A Priori Test of a Subgrid Scale Stress Tensor Model Including 121
Anisotropy and Backscatter Effects
T. GOUTORBE, D. LAURENCE and V. MAUPU
Subgrid-modelling in LES of Compressible Flow 133
A.W. VREMAN, B.J. GEURTS and J.G.M. KUERTEN
Stratified and Atmospheric Flows
Sheared and Stably Stratified Homogeneous Turbulence: 145
Comparison of DNS and LES.
T. GERZ and J.M.L.M. PALMA
Direct Numerical Simulation of a Stably Stratified Turbulent 157
Boundary Layer
LR. COWAN and R.E. BRITTER
A Neutral Stratified Boundary.Layer: A Comparison of Four 167
Large-Eddy Simulation Computer Codes
A. ANDREN, A. BROWN, P.J. MASON, J. GRAF, U. SCHUMANN,
C.-H. MOENG and F.T.M. NIEUWSTADT
The Large-Eddy Simulation of Dispersion of Passive and Chemically 179
Reactive Pollutants in a Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer
J.P. MEEDER, I. BOUMANS and F.T.M. NIEUWSTADT
Numerical Simulation of Breaking Gravity Waves below a Critical Level 189
A. DORNBRACK and U. SCHUMANN
vii
Transition
Stability of the Natural-Convection Flow in Differentially Heated 201
Rectangular Enclosures with Adiabatic Horizontal Walls
R.J.A. JANSSEN and R.A.W.M. HENKES
Direct Simulation of Breakdown to Turbulence Following Oblique 213
Instability Waves in a Supersonic Boundary Layer
N.D. SANDHAM, N.A. ADAMS and 1. KLEISER
Mechanisms and Models of Boundary Layer Receptivity Deduced 225
from Large-Eddy Simulation of By-pass Transition
Z. YANG, P.R. VOKE and A.M. SAVILL
Receptivity by Direct Numerical Simulation 237
G. CASALIS and B. CANTALOUBE
Direct Numerical Simulation of Transition in a Spatially Growing 249
Compressible Boundary Layer Using a New Fourier Method
Y. GUO, N.A. ADAMS and L. KLEISER
Complex Geometries
Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in Compact 261
Heat Exchangers
M. CIOFALO, G. LOMBARDO and M.W. COLLINS
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow through a Straight 273
Square Duct and a 1800 bend
M. BREUER and W. ROm
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a Wavy Boundary 287
C. MAASS and U. SCHUMANN
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over a 299
Hemisphere
M. MANHART and H. WENGLE
viii
Large-Eddy Simulation of Compound Channel Flow with One 311
Floodplain at Re >:::J 42000.
T.G. THOMAS and J.J.R. WILLIAMS
Large-Eddy Simulation Applied to an Electromagnetic Flowmeter 325
B.J. BOERSMA, J.G.M. EGGELS, M.J.B.M. POURQUIE
and F.T.M. NIEUWSTADT
Compressible, Reacting and Thermal Flows
On the Formation of Small Scales in a Compressible Mixing Layer 335
K.H. LUO and N.D. SANDHAM
Direct Simulation of Turbulence Phenomena in Compressible 347
Boundary Layers
E. LAURIEN and J. DELFS
DNS of a M = 2 Shock Interacting with Isotropic Turbulence 359
R. HANNAPPEL and R. FRIEDRICH
Direct and Large Eddy Simulations of Chemically Reacting Flows 375
J.P. CHOLLET, M. SI AMEUR and M.R. VALLCORBA
Flow Mechanisms and Heat Transfer in Rayleigh-Benard Convection 387
at Small Prandtl Numbers
G. GROTZBACH and M. WORNER
Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation of Transient Buoyant Plumes; 399
a Comparison with Experiment
R.J.M. BASTIAANS, C.C.M. RINDT, A.A. VAN STEENHOVEN
and F.T.M. NIEUWSTADT
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Structures in Thermal 411
Impinging Jets
S. GAO
Numerical Simulations of 2-D Turbulent Natural Convection in 423
Differentially Heated Cavities of Aspect Ratios 1 and 4
S. XIN and P. LE QUERE
Preface
It is a truism that turbulence is an unsolved problem, whether in scientific, engin
eering or geophysical terms. It is strange that this remains largely the case even
though we now know how to solve directly, with the help of sufficiently large and
powerful computers, accurate approximations to the equations that govern tur
bulent flows. The problem lies not with our numerical approximations but with
the size of the computational task and the complexity of the solutions we gen
erate, which match the complexity of real turbulence precisely in so far as the
computations mimic the real flows. The fact that we can now solve some turbu
lence in this limited sense is nevertheless an enormous step towards the goal of full
understanding.
Direct and large-eddy simulations are these numerical solutions of turbulence.
They reproduce with remarkable fidelity the statistical, structural and dynamical
properties of physical turbulent and transitional flows, though since the simula
tions are necessarily time-dependent and three-dimensional they demand the most
advanced computer resources at our disposal. The numerical techniques vary from
accurate spectral methods and high-order finite differences to simple finite-volume
algorithms derived on the principle of embedding fundamental conservation prop
erties in the numerical operations.
Genuine direct simulations resolve all the fluid motions fully, and require the
highest practical accuracy in their numerical and temporal discretisation. Such
simulations have the virtue of great fidelity when carried out carefully, and repre
sent a most powerful tool for investigating the processes of transition to turbulence.
They can also be applied to very low Reynolds number turbulent flows, though
the examples in this volume primarily are focused on transition.
Large-eddy simulations are distinguished by the presence of one or more mod
el diffusivities in the discretised equations, intended to represent the effects of
unresolvable small-scale eddies: the so-called subgrid scales. They also frequently
employ special wall treatments, since the numerical discretisation cannot resolve all
the near-wall eddies at high Reynolds numbers. The introduction of such models
allows simulations to be performed of flow at arbitrarily high Reynolds numbers, at
the expense of the uncertainties of the modelling. While the numerical techniques
found in the following pages are direct descendants of very similar methods first
used twenty years ago, many papers contain investigations of new and exciting
variations in the subgrid-scale models. This is a most welcome development, since
it is clear that real advances are being made in a field that appeared to be stagnant
only a few years ago, advances which show every sign of continuing for some time.
Notable among the new concepts are the dynamic subgrid model, and stochastic
backscatter of energy from the sub grid scales into the resolved scales.
The variety of flows now accessible to simulation is evident throughout the vol
ume. Not only are many types of internal and external flow represented, including
ix
x
some complex geometries of engineering or geophysical importance, but the dynam
ically distinct regimes of incompressible and compressible flow, stratified, buoyant
and other thermal flows, and chemically reacting flow are all being simulated suc
cessfully. It seems that the applicability of turbulence simulation is limited only by
the ingenuity of its practitioners and by the costs relative to the perceived benefits,
as previously infeasible simulations come within range of our increasing comput
er power. Also included are several papers that introduce important innovations
in the numerical methods used for simulation, and some that utilise simulation
results to advance our understanding of transitional or turbulent flow dynamics
by studying the flow structures present or by reference to closure modelling.
The power of turbulence simulation is constantly growing. The community of
researchers around the world who work on the methods and who perform simula
tions are constantly pushing back the limits of what is achievable. As a result, the
convenient divisions and categories of simulation that would have seemed common
place a decade ago are now seen to be artificial. Studies are being performed that
jump the familiar boundaries and tackle combinations of features that represent
the richness of the real world of turbulent fluid flow. We find here studies of tran
sition in compressible and supersonic boundary layers; of dispersion with chemical
reactions; of stratification and gravity waves; of turbulence passing through a shock
wave; and of several flows in complex geometries. All the evidence points to the
application, in the not-too-distant future, of LES to the enormously more com
plex turbulent and transitional flows found in engineering plant and in the natural
environment.
The dramatic increase in supercomputer power and memory over the last decade
is one driving force for these developments. The supercomputers of the early 1980s
are now on all our desktops, and the machines that have usurped their place in
the data network are up to a thousand times faster. These developments naturally
allow far more accurate DNS and more ambitious LES projects to be undertaken,
and will continue as the computer manufacturers push on towards the Teraflops
machine. Nevertheless, the application of the numerical methods of turbulence
simulation to more complex geometries, and to compressible, supersonic, stratified
and other dynamically complex flows has its own impetus, driven by the desire to
compute, predict and understand turbulence in all its forms. The development of
new subgrid-scale models in recent years is a vital element in the growth of LES,
though we are aware that we also need to see corresponding improvements in the
wall treatments used for high Reynolds number simulations.
One paper in this volume is primarily an experimental study of the relationship
between flow structure at various scales, related directly to the validation and
development of the new subgrid scale models. This paper and one other are the
only contributions authored from outside Europe, since the meeting of which this
volume forms the proceedings was focused primarily on European developments.
It was one of many workshops organised over the past few years by the European
Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC). This
