Digital Transmission Systems

821 Pages·2004·13.759 MB·English

by  David R. Smith (auth.)

Digital
Transmission
Systems
Third Edition
Digital
Transmission
Systems
Third Edition
DAVID R. SMITH
George Washington University
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
k4
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, David R. (David Russell), 1945-
Digital transmission systems / by David R. Smith.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-4726-2 ISBN 978-1-4419-8933-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8933-8
1. Digital communications. I. Title.
TK5103.7.S65 2003
621.382—dc22 2003058856
Copyright © 2004 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York i n 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher,
with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper.
To my wife, Carolyn, and our children
Christy, Stacy, Allison, andAndrew
Preface
In the developmentoftelecommunicationnetworks throughout the world,
digital transmission has now replaced analog transmission as the predom
inant choice for new transmission facilities. This trend began in the early
1960swhen the American Telephone and Telegraph Company first intro
ducedpulsecodemodulationasameans ofincreasingcapacityintheircable
plant. Sincethattime,digitaltransmissionapplicationshave growndramat
ically,notably in North America, Japan, and Europe. With the rapidity of
digital transmissiondevelopmentsand implementation,however, there has
been asurprising lack oftextbookswrittenon the subject.
This book grew out of mywork, research,and teaching in digital trans
mission systems.My objective isto provide an overview of the subject.To
accomplish thisend, theoryhasbeen blendedwithpractice inordertoillus
trate howone applies theoreticalprinciples to actual designand implemen
tation. The book has abundant design examples and references to actual
systems. These examples have been drawn from common carriers, manu
facturers, and my own experience. Considerable effort has been made to
include up-to-date standards, such as those published by the ITU-T and
ITU-R, and to interpret their recommendations in the context of present
daydigital transmissionsystems.
The intended audience of this book includes engineers involved in de
velopmentanddesign,systemoperatorsinvolvedintesting,operations,and
maintenance, managers involved in system engineering and system plan
ning, technical personnel in the IT industry, and instructors and students
ofdigitalcommunicationscourses.For engineers, managers, and operators,
the book should prove to be a valuable reference because of its practical
Vll
VIII Preface
approachandthe insightitprovidesintostate-of-the-artdigitaltransmission
systems.In the classroom the book willallow the student to relate theory
and practice and tostudymaterialnot covered byothertextbooks. Theoret
ical treatments have been kept to a minimum bysummarizing derivations
or simplystatingthe finalresult. Moreover, byconsulting the extensive list
ofreferencesgivenwitheach chapterthe interestedreadercan explore the
theorybehindaparticularsubjectingreaterdetail.Even so,togainfrom this
book the reader should have a fundamental knowledge ofcommunication
systems and probabilitytheory.
Thisthird editionisan expandedand updatedversion ofthe second edi
tion.Thetremendousgrowthinwirelessandopticalcommunicationsystems
has led to expanded treatments of these topics.Coverage of digital coding
and modulation has been expanded, to include error correction, multiple
access,and spreadspectrumtechniques. The developmentofwideareanet
works isnowgiven ample treatment.Finally,more problems and examples
have been added to improve the book's utility as an academic textbook.
The organization of this book's third edition followsa natural sequence of
topics:
• Chapter1: Historicalbackgroundandperspectiveonworldwide digital
transmissionsystems
• Chapter2: Systemdesignincludingservicestobeprovided; parameters
used to characterize performance; and means of allocating
performance as a function of the service,media, and trans
missionequipment
• Chapter3: Analog-to-digital-conversion techniques, starting with the
mostcommonlyusedtechnique, pulsecodemodulation,and
ending withspecialized voiceand video coders
• Chapter4: Time-division multiplexing using both asynchronous and
synchronous techniques; digitalmultiplex hierarchies
• Chapter5: Basebandtransmissionincludingcoding,filtering,equaliza
tion,scrambling,errorcorrection,multipleaccessandspread
spectrumtechniques
• Chapter6: Digital modulation, starting with binary (two-level) forms
andgeneralizingtoM-aryandcodedforms,showingcompar
isonsoferrorperformance,bandwidth,andimplementation
complexity.
• Chapter7: Digital cable systems for twisted-pair and coaxial metallic
cable,showingdesign and performance
Preface IX
• Chapter8: Fiber optic transmission systems,including optical sources,
detectors,fibers,system design, and optical hierarchies
• Chapter9: Digital radio systems including fixed and mobile applica
tions,withemphasisonpropagationeffects,radio equipment
design,and linkcalculations
• Chapter10: Digital networktimingandsynchronization,describingfun
damentalsoftimeandfrequency andmeansofnetworksyn
chronization
• Chapter11: Testing,monitoring,andcontroltechniquesusedtomeasure
and maintainsystemperformanceand manage the network
• Chapter12: Digital transmissionover telephoneand cable networks, in
cluding voice-channel modems,digital subscriber lines,and
cable modems
• Chapter13: Assessment of digital transmission networks and services
with emphasis on personal communications,wide area net
works,optical networks, and wirelessnetworks
ThematerialpresentedinChapters3through8hasbeenusedforgraduate
courses in digital communications at both George Washington University
and George Mason University.
David R.Smith
Acknowledgments
Iampleasedtoacknowledge thesupportofmycolleagues atGeorgeWash
ington University. The staff at the Virginia Campus library was especially
helpfulwiththe publicationresearch necessary to create thisbook.
Mystudents at George Washington University and George Mason Uni
versityusedearlyversionsofchaptersofthisbook, forallthreeeditions,and
made many helpful contributions. Participants in numerous short courses
offered encouragement and suggested improvements. I am indebted to all
those whohave taken mycourses and at the same time helped me withthe
writingofthis book.
In writing a book of this size,I have made considerable use of the open
literature,especially the IEEE Transactionson Communications, the IEEE
Communications Magazine and proceedings of various technical confer
ences. In describing standards applicable to digital transmission systems,
I have extracted from the reports and recommendations of the ITU-T and
ITU-R.*
Finally,Iwishto thank Kluwer AcademicPublishers, and especially the
encouragementand guidance ofAlex Greeneincreatingthe third edition.
'Thereproductioninthisbookofmaterial takenfromthepublicationsoftheInternational
TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU),PlacedesNations,1211Geneva20,Switzerland,hasbeen
authorizedbythe ITV.Completerecommendationsfrom whichIhave extractedfiguresand
tablescanbeobtainedfromthe lTV.
xi
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introductionto Digital Transmission Systems 1
1.1 Historical Background 1
1.2 Present-DayDigitalTransmission 6
1.3 DigitalTransmissionStandards 11
1.4 Advantages ofDigitalTransmission 15
1.5 A SimplifiedDigitalTransmissionSystem 16
1.6 Summary 17
2 Principles ofSystem Design 21
2.1 GeneralPlan 21
2.2 TransmissionServices 22
2.3 HypotheticalReference Circuits 33
2.4 Performance Objectives 38
xiii
XIV Contents
2.5 Summary 77
Problems 81
3 Analog-to-DigitalConversionTechniques 84
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Pulse Code Modulation 85
3.3 DifferentialPCMandDeltaModulation 112
3,4 Adaptive Differential PulseCode Modulation 123
3.5 Subband Coding 131
3.6 Transform Coding 134
3.7 Comparison ofWaveformCoders 136
3.8 VoiceCoders (Vocoders) 144
3.9 Hybrid Coders 150
3.10 Voiceover IP 155
3.11 Video Coding 156
3.11 Summary 160
Problems 167
4 Time-Division Multiplexing 177
4.1 Introduction 177
4.2 Synchronous Multiplexing 180
4.3 Asynchronous Multiplexing 200
4,4 Plesiochronous DigitalHierarchies 214
4.5 StatisticalMultiplexingand Speech Interpolation 236
4.6 Summary 246
Problems 250
5 BasebandTransmission 258
5.1 Introduction 259
5.2 TypesofBinary Coding 261
5.3 PowerSpectral Density ofBinary Codes 269
5,4 ErrorPerformance ofBinaryCodes 275
5.5 BlockLine Codes 280
5.6 PulseShapingand Intersymbol Interference 285
5.7 MultilevelBaseband Transmission 289
5.8 Partial Response Coding 291
5.9 Eye Patterns 301
5.10 Equalization 301
5.11 Data ScramblingTechniques 309
5.12 Spread Spectrum 316
5.13 AccessTechniques 323
5.14 ErrorDetectionand CorrectionCoding 327