Table Of ContentBirgit Vogel-Heuser
Manuel Wimmer Editors
Digital
Transformation
Core Technologies and Emerging Topics
from a Computer Science Perspective
Digital Transformation
Birgit Vogel-Heuser · Manuel Wimmer
Editors
Digital Transformation
Core Technologies and Emerging Topics
from a Computer Science Perspective
Editors
Birgit Vogel-Heuser Manuel Wimmer
Technische Universität München Johannes Kepler University Linz
Garching b. München, Bayern, Germany Linz, Oberösterreich, Austria
ISBN 978-3-662-65003-5 ISBN 978-3-662-65004-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65004-2
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2023
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Preface to “Digital Transformation: Core
Technologies and Emerging Topics from a
Computer Science Perspective”
Scope of the Book
The terms “digitalization” and “digital transformations” are nowadays used on a daily
basis in media, enterprise, research, and societal contexts. In particular, the competitive-
ness of the industrial sector is considered to depend on the level of digitalization and
potential digital transformations of the products, enterprises, business models, etc. This
is mostly due to the ever-growing importance of flexibility in industry, e.g., shorter inno-
vation cycles, rapidly changing customer needs, changes in legislation, and more empha-
sis on sustainability such as resource efficiency, to mention just a few reasons, as is also
highlighted by initiatives such as Industry 4.0/5.0. However, this requested flexibility
puts additional challenges on the design, realization, operation, maintenance, and reuse
of industrial systems. The hope is that digitalization allows to deal with these challenges,
as it is currently stressed by the emerging topic of Cyber-Physical Production Systems
(CPPS). CPPS highlight that both physical and virtual entities and processes are nowa-
days required to realize modern production systems which are able to deal with the cur-
rent challenges. At the same time, by having this new type of systems, we are currently
facing a dramatically increasing complexity in engineering, operation, and management
of such CPPS as they are complex, heterogeneous, and networked socio-technical sys-
tems. The latter aspect is of particular importance to drive the digital transformation
processes within an enterprise considering not only the technological aspects but also
organizational ones such as business models, staff, or general societal needs and chal-
lenges.
As an answer, several digital technologies are emerging and gaining attention to sup-
port different phases of the system life-cycle such as design-space exploration, runtime
adaptation, and predictive maintenance to mention just a few examples. For instance, the
term Digital Twin refers to the capability to partially copy an actual system into a virtual
counterpart, that reflects the important properties of the system for both engineering as
well as operation purposes. Thus, digitalization is not only a key enabler for innovation,
V
VI Preface to “Digital Transformation: Core Technologies …
but is nowadays deeply integrated in the engineering and operational processes, and thus,
into the aforementioned socio-technical systems.
This book is focussing on the digitalization topics in Industry 4.0/5.0 from a computer
science perspective. In particular, the book introduces a rich set of different concepts,
techniques, and methods from the computer science discipline and provides insights on
their application, especially for the domain of CPPS, and thus, complements other view-
points which are equally important in this area such as automation, mechatronics, and
business engineering.
Having this focus, the book is in particularly intended as an entry point to digitaliza-
tion for disciplines outside computer science by giving an orientation and providing the
basics of the different sub-domains of computer science relevant for Industry 4.0/5.0 as
well as giving pointers to further literature to find more information on the presented
topics.
Content of the Book
The book “Digital Transformation: Core Technologies and Emerging Topics from a
Computer Science Perspective” is structured into five parts. While Part 1 is about why
and how industrial systems are represented as digital artefacts, Part 2 is focussing on
emerging digital infrastructures to run industrial systems by showing their potential
and applications, as well as how they can be integrated and secured in larger settings.
Parts 3 and 4 are focusing on the data-driven paradigm, especially on data management
and analytics which opens the door for a multitude of innovation potentials for indus-
trial systems. Finally, Part 5 is giving an outlook on particular digital transformations
aspects such as improved human-machine interactions possibilities as well as driving and
managing organizational issues such as enterprise model transformations. By this, the
book gives an outlook on the emerging Industry 5.0 paradigm which has been presented
recently by the European Commission.
We would like to thank all the authors who contributed chapters to this book and hope
you will enjoy reading about the core technologies and emerging topics for digital trans-
formation from a computer science perspective.
January, 2022 Birgit Vogel-Heuser
Manuel Wimmer
Contents
Digital Representation
Engineering Digital Twins and Digital Shadows as Key Enablers
for Industry 4.0 ..................................................... 3
Stefan Braun, Manuela Dalibor, Nico Jansen, Matthias Jarke, István Koren,
Christoph Quix, Bernhard Rumpe, Manuel Wimmer and Andreas Wortmann
Designing Strongly-decoupled Industry 4.0 Applications Across
the Stack: A Use Case ................................................ 33
Christoph Mayr-Dorn, Alois Zoitl, Georg Weichhart, Michael Mayrhofer
and Alexander Egyed
Variability in Products and Production ................................. 65
Alexander Egyed, Paul Grünbacher, Lukas Linsbauer, Herbert Prähofer
and Ina Schaefer
Digital Infrastructures
Reference Architectures for Closing the IT/OT Gap ....................... 95
Patrick Denzler and Wolfgang Kastner
Edge Computing: Use Cases and Research Challenges .................... 125
Cosmin Avasalcai and Schahram Dustdar
Dynamic Access Control in Industry 4.0 Systems ......................... 143
Robert Heinrich, Stephan Seifermann, Maximilian Walter, Sebastian Hahner,
Ralf Reussner, Tomáš Bureš, Petr Hnětynka and Jan Pacovský
Challenges in OT Security and Their Impacts on Safety-Related
Cyber-Physical Production Systems .................................... 171
Siegfried Hollerer, Bernhard Brenner, Pushparaj Rajaram Bhosale,
Clara Fischer, Ali Mohammad Hosseini, Sofia Maragkou, Maximilian Papa,
Sebastian Schlund, Thilo Sauter and Wolfgang Kastner
VII
VIII Contents
Runtime Monitoring for Systems of System: A Closer Look
on Opportunities for Manufacturers in the Context of Industry 4.0 .......... 203
Michael Vierhauser and Alexander Egyed
Blockchain Technologies in the Design and Operation of
Cyber-Physical Systems .............................................. 223
Abel Gómez, Christophe Joubert and Jordi Cabot
Data Management
Big Data Integration for Industry 4.0 ................................... 247
Daniel Obraczka, Alieh Saeedi, Victor Christen and Erhard Rahm
Massive Data Sets – Is Data Quality Still an Issue? ........................ 269
Peter Filzmoser and Alexandra Mazak-Huemer
Modelling the Top Floor: Internal and External Data Integration
and Exchange ...................................................... 281
Bernhard Wally, Christian Huemer and Birgit Vogel-Heuser
Data Analytics
Conceptualizing Analytics: An Overview of Business Intelligence
and Analytics from a Conceptual-Modeling Perspective ................... 311
Christoph G. Schuetz and Michael Schrefl
Discovering Actionable Knowledge for Industry 4.0: From Data
Mining to Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics .......................... 337
Christoph G. Schuetz, Matt Selway, Stefan Thalmann and Michael Schrefl
Process Mining—Discovery, Conformance, and Enhancement
of Manufacturing Processes ........................................... 363
Stefanie Rinderle-Ma, Florian Stertz, Juergen Mangler and Florian Pauker
Symbolic Artificial Intelligence Methods for Prescriptive Analytics .......... 385
Gerhard Friedrich, Martin Gebser and Erich C. Teppan
Machine Learning for Cyber-Physical Systems ........................... 415
Oliver Niggemann, Bernd Zimmering, Henrik Steude, Jan Lukas Augustin,
Alexander Windmann and Samim Multaheb
Visual Data Science for Industrial Applications ........................... 447
Tobias Schreck, Belgin Mutlu and Marc Streit
Contents IX
Digital Transformation towards Industry 5.0
Self-Adaptive Digital Assistance Systems for Work 4.0 ..................... 475
Enes Yigitbas, Stefan Sauer and Gregor Engels
Digital Transformation—Towards Flexible Human-Centric Enterprises ...... 497
Burkhard Kehrbusch and Gregor Engels
Digital Representation
