Digital Soil Mapping Across Paradigms, Scales and Boundaries PDF
Preview Digital Soil Mapping Across Paradigms, Scales and Boundaries
Springer Environmental Science and Engineering Gan-Lin Zhang Dick Brus Feng Liu Xiao-Dong Song Philippe Lagacherie Editors Digital Soil Mapping Across Paradigms, Scales and Boundaries Springer Environmental Science and Engineering More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10177 Gan-Lin Zhang Dick Brus Feng Liu (cid:129) (cid:129) Xiao-Dong Song Philippe Lagacherie (cid:129) Editors Digital Soil Mapping Across Paradigms, Scales and Boundaries 123 Editors Gan-Lin Zhang Xiao-DongSong Institute of Soil Science Institute of Soil Science ChineseAcademy of Sciences ChineseAcademy of Sciences Nanjing Nanjing China China DickBrus Philippe Lagacherie Soil Science National Institute for Agricultural Research Alterra Paris Wageningen France TheNetherlands FengLiu Institute of Soil Science ChineseAcademy of Sciences Nanjing China ISSN 2194-3214 ISSN 2194-3222 (electronic) SpringerEnvironmental ScienceandEngineering ISBN978-981-10-0414-8 ISBN978-981-10-0415-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0415-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015960825 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingaporePteLtd. Foreword Unprecedenteddemandsarebeingplacedontheworld'ssoilresources(Kochetal. 2013). Responding to these challenging demands requires relevant, reliable, and applicableinformation.Indeed,soilshavecriticalrelevancetoglobalissuessuchas foodandwatersecurityandclimateregulationandtheyareincreasinglyrecognized as major contributors to a wide range of ecosystem services. Mankind depends upon soil for nearly everything. Our soil resource is being under threat, and we must improve our knowledge about the current state and trend of soil condition. Traditionalsoilsurveyinvolvesfieldreconnaissanceanddatacollectiontodraw soil map unit boundaries (polygons) on maps. However, traditional soil survey programsarecostandtime-consuming.Therefore,manypartsoftheworldhaveno, or little, soil survey information. Also, as traditional soil survey mainly relies on expert knowledge, it cannot be easily reproduced and the uncertainties of the predictions are very difficult to estimate. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has been proposed as a solution to increase cost-effectiveness of mapping soil classes and soil properties (McBratney et al. 2003),includinganassessmentofuncertainties.Basically,thismethodisbasedon thehypothesisthat soilclassesorpropertiescanbe predicted inaspatiallyexplicit way,byusingsoilinformationand(1)spatiallyexhaustiveproxiesofsoilformation factors and (2) spatially exhaustive sensors of some soil properties. Since the seminal paper from McBratney et al. (2003), enormous advances in DSM have beenachieved,mainlythankstotheIUSSWorkingGrouponDigitalSoilMapping. Indeed, DSM has substantially matured and we have reached major advances concerning suitable mapping and modelling procedure. The DSM Working Group, currently led by Mogens Greve of Aarhus University,Denmark,holdsbiennialglobalworkshops(Montpellierin2004,Riode Janeiroin2006,Loganin2008,Romein2010,Sydneyin2012);thisbookpresents selected papers presented at the 6th Global Workshop on Digital Soil Mapping. It washeldinNovember2014inNanjing,China,skillfullyorganizedbyourChinese colleagues. Prof. Zhang Ganlin and his colleagues were excellent hosts, and their hospitality was highly appreciated. v vi Foreword Theparticipationoftheworkshopwassuccessful,consideringthecontributions of120attendees originating from 15countriesfrom allcontinents,having 58talks and 17 posters. The full papers published in this book are a selection from these presentations. They range from overviews of the DSM technology in general to specificapplicationsinareashavingmoreorlessavailablesoilinformationorareas where specific properties are investigated. In this book, recent findings are pre- sented on the use of legacy data, soil sampling, covariates, soil spectroscopy, and 3D modelling in DSM. Particularly, sampling strategy and the uncertainty assess- ment of DSM products are major issues that are addressed and which should be accounted for in the future research. The coverages and scales of the applications described in this book range from the field, to landscape, national, continental, or world levels. Case studies in different parts of the world provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate DSM technique and test its utility. These proceedings give a useful overview of the state of the art in DSM. I am convinced that it will be of broad interest for people involved in soil information delivery and utilization. It will be a valuable resource for many years to come for scientists, students, soil surveyors, and end users. Dominique Arrouays INRA-InfoSol Unit, France References Kochetal.,Soilsecurity:solvingtheglobalsoilcrisis.GlobalPolicy.4,434-441(2013). McBratneyetal.,Ondigitalsoilmapping.Geoderma.117,1-2,3-52(2003). Preface Digital Soil Mapping Across Paradigms, Scales and Boundaries contains papers presented at the 6th Global Workshop on Digital Soil Mapping, held November 11–14, 2014, at the Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences of Nanjing, China. The organizing committee was chaired by Dr. Gan-Lin Zhang, professor of Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Approximately 120 participants from 15 countries presented and discussed nearly 60 papers during the four-day session, demonstrating the global engagement in digital soil mapping. Digital soil mapping is advancing on different fronts at different paces throughout the world, facilitating the development of digital soil information with increasing precision for many areas. To map the soils of the world to the every detail, we need is a glorious task of soil scientists, especially when it is done in a modern and fashionable way—mapping soils digitally. The goal of the sixth workshopistoreviewanddiscussthestateoftheartindigitalsoilmappingandto explore the strategies for bridging research, methodologies, and environmental applications. The contents of predictive soil mapping, including the concepts, paradigms, models, and mathematical and computational tools, develop continu- ouslyandmoreandmoreresearchesandprojects,invarioussizes,resolutions,and geographic regions, are running in the world. There are also more and more sci- entists and users who are working in and shaping the frontiers of the field. It is certainly necessary once again to bring people together to exchange and share research results and to discuss the future of digital soil mapping, and we hope to recognize these distinct foci within the realm of digital soil mapping. We have selected 29 papers from the workshop that focus on digital soil map- ping research, environmental application, and operation. Part I is an introductory chapter which provides context for the whole book. The remaining papers are organized into thefollowing parts: (II) Digital Soil Modelling; (III) Environmental vii viii Preface Application and Assessment; and (IV) Soil Sensors and Legacy Data. The CD-ROMaccompanyingthisbookcontainsthedigitalversionsofallcontributions with full colour. Whenever reference is made in the book to colour images, the reader is kindly requested to consult the CD-ROM. Nanjing Gan-Lin Zhang November 2014 Dick Brus Feng Liu Xiao-Dong Song Philippe Lagacherie Contents Part I Digital Soil Modelling 1 Digital Soil Mapping Across Paradigms, Scales, and Boundaries: A Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Gan-Lin Zhang, Feng Liu, Xiao-Dong Song and Yu-Guo Zhao 2 Spatial Prediction of Soil Antibiotics Based on High-Accuracy Surface Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Wenjiao Shi, Tianxiang Yue, Xuewen Li and Zhengping Du 3 Incorporating Probability Density Functions of Environmental Covariates Related to Soil Class Predictions. . . . 21 Jenette M. Ashtekar, Phillip R. Owens, Zamir Libohova and Ankur Ashtekar 4 Mapping Horizontal and Vertical Spatial Variability of Soil Salinity in Reclaimed Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Yan Guo, Zhou Shi, Jingyi Huang, Laigang Wang, Yongzheng Cheng and Guoqing Zheng 5 Mapping Soil Organic Matter in Low-Relief Areas Based on Time Series Land Surface Diurnal Temperature Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Ming-Song Zhao, Gan-Lin Zhang, Feng Liu, De-Cheng Li and Yu-Guo Zhao 6 Mapping Soil Thickness by Integrating Fuzzy C-Means with Decision Tree Approaches in a Complex Landscape Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Yuanyuan Lu, Ganlin Zhang, Yuguo Zhao, Decheng Li, Jinling Yang and Feng Liu ix
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