digital principles & application by malvino

700 Pages·2016·36.58 MB·English

DIGITAL
PRINCIPLES A D APPLICATIONS
Seventh Edition
Donald P Leach
Santa Clara University
Albert Paul Malvino
President, Ma/vino Inc.
Goutam Saha
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (/IT) Kharagpur
Tata McGraw Hill Education Private limited
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Digital Principles and Applications, 7e
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Contents
Preface to the Seventh Edition (SIE) xi
Preface xv
1. Digital Principles 1
1.1 Definitions for Digital Signals 2
1.2 Digital Waveforms 4
1.3 Digital Logic 8
1.4 Moving and Storing Digital Infom1ation 13
1.5 Digital Operations 17
1.6 Digital Computers 22
1.7 Digital Integrated Circuits 26
1.8 Digital IC Signal Levels 32
Summmy 35
Glossary 35
Problems 36
2. Digital Logic 40
2.1 The Basic Gates-NOT, OR, AND 40
2.2 Universal Logic Gates-NOR, NAND 48
2.3 AND-OR-Invert Gates 57
2.4 Positive and Negative Logic 59
2.5 Introduction to HDL 61
Summary 68
Glossary 69
Problems 69
Laborat01y Experiment 73
3. Combinational Logic Circuits 74
3.1 Boolean Laws and Theorems 75
3.2 Sum-of-Products Method 81
3.3 Truth Table to Kamaugh Map 84
3.4 Pairs, Quads, and Octets 86
3.5 Kamaugh Simplifications 89
3.6 Don't-care Conditions 93
3.7 Product-of-sums Method 95
3.8 Product-of-sums Simplification 98
3.9 Simplification by Quine-McClusky Method 102
Contents
3 .1 0 Hazards and Hazard Covers 104
3.11 HDL Implementation Models 108
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 110
Summary 111
Glossary 112
Problems 112
Laboratory Experiment 116
4. Data-Processing Circuits 118
4.1 Multiplexers 118
4.2 Demultiplexers 127
4.3 1-of-16 Decoder 130
4.4 BCD-to-decimal Decoders 133
4.5 Seven-segment Decoders 136
4.6 Encoders 138
4.7 Exclusive-OR Gates 141
4.8 Parity Generators and Checkers 143
4.9 Magnitude Comparator 146
4.10 Read-only Memory 148
4.11 Programmable Array Logic 154
4.12 Programmable Logic Arrays 156
4.13 Troubleshooting with a Logic Probe 158
4.14 HDL Implementation of Data Processing Circuits 159
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 161
Summary 163
Glossary 163
Problems 164
Laboratory Experiment 169
5. Number Systems and Codes 171
5 .1 Binary Number System 171
5 .2 Binary-to-decimal Conversion 173
5 .3 Decimal-to-binary Conversion 176
5.4 Octal Numbers 179
5.5 Hexadecimal Numbers 183
5.6 The ASCII Code 190
5.7 The Excess-3 Code 192
5.8 The Gray Code 193
5.9 Troubleshooting with a Logic Pulser 194
5 .10 Error Detection and Correction 196
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 198
Summary 199
Glossary 200
Problems 200
Laboratory Experiment 205
Contents
6. Arithmetic Circuits 206
6.1 Binary Addition 207
6.2 Binary Subtraction 211
6.3 Unsigned Binary Numbers 212
6.4 Sign-magnitude Numbers 214
6.5 2's Complement Representation 216
6.6 2's Complement Arithmetic 220
6.7 Arithmetic Building Blocks 226
6.8 The Adder-subtracter 228
6.9 FastAdder 232
6.10 Arithmetic Logic Unit 235
6.11 Binary Multiplication and Division 237
6.12 Arithmetic Circuits Using HDL 237
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 239
Summary 240
Glossary 241
Problems 241
Laboratory Experiment 243
7. Clocks and Timing Circuits 244
7.1 Clock Waveforms 244
7.2 TTL Clock 249
7.3 Schmitt Trigger 250
7.4 555 Timer-Astable 253
7.5 555 Timer-Monostable 256
7.6 Monostables with Input Logic 258
7.7 Pulse-forming Circuits 262
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 264
Summa,y 265
Glossary 266
Problems 266
Laborato,y Experiment 268
8. Flip-Flops 270
8.1 RS FLIP-FLOPs 271
8.2 Gated FLIP-FLOPs 276
8.3 Edge-triggered RS FLIP-FLOPs 279
8.4 Edge-triggered D FLIP-FLOPs 281
8.5 Edge-triggered JK FLIP-FLOPs 283
8.6 FLIP-FLOP Timing 285
8.7 Edge Triggering through Input Lock Out 286
8.8 JK Master-slave FLIP-FLOPs 288
8.9 Switch Contact Bounce Circuits 289
8.10 Various Representations of FLIP-FLOPs 290
8.11 Analysis of Sequential Circuits 293
Contents
8.12 Conversion ofFLIP-FLOPs: A Synthesis Example 296
8.13 HDL Implementation of FLIP-FLOP 298
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 301
Summa;y 303
GlossaTJ' 303
Problems 304
Laborat01y Etperiment 306
9. Registers 308
9.1 Types of Registers 309
9 .2 Serial In-serial Out 310
9.3 Serial In-parallel Out 313
9 .4 Parallel In-serial Out 316
9.5 Parallel In-parallel Out 320
9.6 Universal Shift Register 324
9.7 Applications of Shift Registers 325
9.8 Register Implementation in HDL 333
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 334
Summmy 335
Glossmy 336
Problen1s 336
Laborat01y Experiment 339
10. Counters 341
10.1 Asynchronous Counters 342
10.2 Decoding Gates 346
10.3 Synchronous Counters 349
10.4 Changing the Counter Modulus 357
10.5 Decade Counters 363
10.6 Presettable Counters 368
10.7 Counter Design as a Synthesis Problem 376
10.8 A Digital Clock 381
10.9 Counter Design using HDL 384
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 386
Summary 387
Glossary 388
Problems 388
Laboratmy Experiment 390
11. Design of Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits 392
PART A: Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuit 393
11.1 Model Selection 393
11.2 State Transition Diagram 394
11.3 State Synthesis Table 396
11.4 Design Equations and Circuit Diagram 398
11.5 Implementation using Read Only Memory 400
Contents
11.6 Algorithmic State Machine 404
11. 7 State Reduction Technique 409
PART B: Asynchronous Sequential Circuit 413
11. 8 Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Circuit 414
11.9 Problems with Asynchronous Sequential Circuits 417
11.10 Design of Asynchronous Sequential Circuit 419
11.11 FSM Implementation in HDL 423
Problem Solving with Multiple Methods 425
Summary 432
Glossary 432
Problems 433
Laboratory Experiment 435
12. D/A Coversion and AID Conversion 438
12.1 Variable, Resistor Networks 439
12.2 Binary Ladders 442
12.3 DIA Converters 447
12.4. DIA Accuracy and Resolution 454
12.5 AID Converter-Simultaneous Conversion 455
12.6 AID Converter-Counter Method 458
12.7 Continuous ND Conversion 461
12.8 ND Techniques 464
12.9 Dual-slope AID Conversion 467
12.10 AID Accuracy and Resolution 471
Summary 472
Glossary 473
Problems 473
13. Memory 476
13.1 Basic Terms and Ideas 477
13.2 Magnetic Memory 479
13.3 Optical Memory 483
13.4 Memory Addressing 486
13.5 ROMs, PROMs, and EPROMs 491
13.6 RAMs 496
13.7 Sequential Programmable Logic Devices 503
13.8 Content Addressable Memory 506
Summary 507
Glossary 508
Problems 509
14. Digital Integrated Circuits 512
14.1 Switching Circuits 513
14.2 7400 TTL 518
14.3 TTL Parameters 520
Contents
14.4 TTL Overview 528
14.5 Open-collector Gates 530
14.6 Three-state TTL Devices 532
14.7 External Drive for TTL Loads 534
14.8 TTL Driving External Loads 537
14.9 74COO CMOS 538
14.10 CMOS Characteristics 541
14.11 TTL-to-CMOS Interface 544
14.12 CMOS-to-TTL Interface 546
14.13 Current Tracers 548
Summary 550
Glossary 551
Problems 552
15. A!)piications 558
15.l Multiplexing Displays 559
15.2 Frequency Counters 565
15.3 Time Measurement 570
15.4 Using the ADC0804 571
15.5 Microprocessor-compatible AID Converters 577
15.6 Digital Voltmeters 585
Summat)' 591
Problems 591
16. A Simple Computer Design 593
16.1 Building Blocks 594
16.2 Register Transfer Language 597
16.3 Execution oflnstructions, Macro and Micro Operations 599
16.4 Design of Control Unit 602
16.5 Programming Computer 605
Summary 612
Glossary 612
Problems 613
Appendix 1: Binary-Hexadecimal-Decimal Equivalents 615
Appendix 2: 2's Complement Representation 621
Appendix 3: TTL Devices 625
Appendix 4: CMOS Devices 628
Appendix 5: Codes 630
Appendix 6: BCD Codes 633
Appendix 7: Overview of IEEE Std. 91-1984, Explanation of Logic Symbols 638
Appendix 8: Pinout Diagrams 643
Appendix 9: Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems 647
Index 672
Preface to the Seventh Edition (SIE)
The seventh edition of Digital Principles and Applications continues with the upgradation of the work started
in its previous edition. The job was to build upon the strengths of one of the best introductory and authentic
texts in the field of Digital Electronics-its lucid language, down-to-earth approach, detailed analysis and
ready-to-use information for laboratory practices. The sixth edition sought improvement primarily by (i)
strengthening the design or synthesis aspect that included advanced material, such as a simple computer
design, and (ii) incorporating many new topics like Hardware Description Language, Asynchronous
Sequential Circuit, Algorithm State Machine chart, Quine-McClusky algorithm, Look Ahead Carry Adder,
etc.
The tremendous response to the improvements made in the sixth edition from the academic community
prompted us to work on their suggestions and come out with this seventh edition.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
The seventh edition has been revised extensively and restructured to emphasize new and important concepts
in Digital Principles and Applications. This edition increases the depth and breadth of the title by incorporat
ing latest infonnation on existing topics like BooleanAlgebra, Schmitt Trigger, 555 Timer, Edge Triggering,
Memory Cell, Computer Architecture, and also introduces new topics like Noise Margin, Error Detection and
Correction, Universal Shift Register and Content Addressable Memory.
The most notable change in this edition is the inclusion of two completely new features-problem solving
by multiple methods and laboratory experiments-that will enable the student community develop deeper
understanding of the application side of digital principles. Problem solving by multiple methods help students
in understanding and appreciating different alternatives to reach a solution, without feeling stuck at any point
of time. Laboratmy experiments facilitate experimentation with different analysis and synthesis problems
using digital integrated circuits (IC). Each experiment describes its aim, a short reference to theory, apparatus
required and different work elements.
THE BASIC FEATURES
The new edition retains its appeal as a complete self-study guide for a first-level course on Digital Logic
and Digital Circuits. It will serve the purpose of a textbook for undergraduate students of CSE, ECE, EEE,
Electronics and Instrumentation and IT. It will also be a valuable reference for students of MCA, BCA,
DOEACC 'A' Level, as well as BSc/MSc (Computer Science/IT).
Preface to the Seventh Edition (SIE)
The key features are:
>-
Presence of various applications and lab experiments considering the common digital circuit design
employed in industries (e .g., LCD display and ADC0804 operation).
>-
In-depth coverage of important topics like clock and timing circuits, DIA-AID conversion, register,
counters and memory.
>-
Tutorial-based approach with section-end self test questions and problem solving through various
methods.
>-
Useful discussion on TTL and CMOS devices and pin diagrams
>-
Rich Pedagogy
• 180 Solved Examples
• 290 Section-end Problems
• 500 Chapter-end Problems
COMPREHENSIVE WEBSITE
An important addition to this title is the accompanying website-http://www.mhhe.com/leach!dpa7, designed
to be an exhaustive Online Learning Centre (OLC). This website contains the following:
For Students
• Downloadable codes for HDL examples in the book
• Supplementary Reading material
Besides Quine-McClusky code and HDL examples, additional information and discussion on various
supplementary materials like five-variable Karnaugh Map and Petrick's Algorithm will be available here.
Regular updates on different topics of Digital Electronics will be posted to keep the reader informed about
recent changes in this field.
For Instructors
Instructors who have adopted this textbook can access a password-protected section that offers the following
resources.
• Solution manual
• Chapterwise PowerPoint slides with diagrams and notes
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to acknowledge the inspiration and support I received from Prof. B N Chatterji (Retd.), Prof.
RN Pal (Retd.), Prof.RV Rajakumar, Prof. A Chakraborty, Prof.PP Chakraborty, Prof. D Datta, Prof. S
Bannerjee, Prof. P K Biswas, Prof. S S Pathak, Prof. S Mukhopadhyaya, Prof. AS Dhar, Prof. I Chakraborty,
Prof. P Mandal, Prof. S Mahapatra, Prof. T K Bhattacharya, and all my faculty colleagues at Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) Kharagapur, especially, from the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communica
tion Engineering and GS Sanyal School of Telecommunications. But for the paucity of space, I would have
named many others.