Digital Power Electronics and Applications

421 Pages·2005·4.68 MB·English

by  Fang Lin Luo

Digital Power Electronics
andApplications
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Digital Power Electronics
and Applications
Fang Lin Luo
HongYe
Muhammad Rashid
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON (cid:127) NEW YORK (cid:127) OXFORD
PARIS (cid:127) SAN DIEGO (cid:127) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:127) SINGAPORE (cid:127) SYDNEY (cid:127) TOKYO
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Contents
Preface ix
Autobiography xi
1. Introduction
1.1 Historicalreview 1
1.2 Traditionalparameters 7
1.3 Multiple-quadrantoperationsandchoppers 16
1.4 Digitalpowerelectronics:pumpcircuitsandconversion
technology 22
1.5 Shortageofanalogpowerelectronicsandconversiontechnology 31
1.6 Powersemiconductordevicesappliedindigitalpowerelectronics 32
2. EnergyFactor(EF)andSub-sequentialParameters
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Pumpingenergy(PE) 35
2.3 Storedenergy(SE) 36
2.4 Energyfactor(EF) 40
2.5 Variationenergyfactor(EF ) 41
V
2.6 Timeconstant,τ,anddampingtimeconstant,τ 41
d
2.7 Examplesofapplications 43
2.8 Smallsignalanalysis 65
3. BasicMathematicsofDigitalControlSystems
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 DigitalSignalsandCoding 91
3.3 Shannon’ssamplingtheorem 94
3.4 Sample-and-holddevices 95
3.5 Analog-to-digitalconversion 99
3.6 Digital-to-analogconversion 101
3.7 Energyquantization 104
3.8 Introductiontoreconstructionofsampledsignals 106
3.9 Dataconversion:thezero-orderhold 107
3.10 Thefirst-orderhold 110
3.11 Thesecond-orderhold 112
3.12 TheLaplacetransform(thes-domain) 118
3.13 Thez-transform(thez-domain) 118
v
vi Contents
4. MathematicalModelingofDigitalPowerElectronics
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Azero-orderhold(ZOH)forAC/DCcontrolledrectifiers 125
4.3 Afirst-ordertransferfunctionforDC/ACpulse-width-modulation
inverters 128
4.4 Asecond-ordertransferfunctionforDC/DCconverters 132
4.5 Afirst-ordertransferfunctionforAC/AC(AC/DC/AC)converters 136
5. DigitallyControlledAC/DCRectifiers
5.1 Introduction 142
5.2 MathematicalmodelingforAC/DCrectifiers 151
5.3 Single-phasehalf-wavecontrolledAC/DCrectifier 153
5.4 Single-phasefull-waveAC/DCrectifier 154
5.5 Three-phasehalf-wavecontrolledAC/DCrectifier 155
5.6 Three-phasefull-wavecontrolledAC/DCrectifier 155
5.7 Three-phasedouble-anti-starwithinterphase-transformer
controlledAC/DCrectifier 156
5.8 Six-phasehalf-wavecontrolledAC/DCrectifier 158
5.9 Six-phasefull-wavecontrolledAC/DCrectifier 159
6. DigitallyControlledDC/ACInverters
6.1 Introduction 162
6.2 MathematicalmodelingforDC/ACPWMinverters 172
6.3 Single-phasehalf-waveVSI 174
6.4 Single-phasefull-bridgePWMVSI 175
6.5 Three-phasefull-bridgePWMVSI 175
6.6 Three-phasefull-bridgePWMCSI 176
6.7 MultistagePWMinverter 176
6.8 MultilevelPWMinverter 176
7. DigitallyControlledDC/DCConverters
7.1 Introduction 178
7.2 MathematicalModelingforpowerDC/DCconverters 202
7.3 FundamentalDC/DCconverter 205
7.4 DevelopedDC/DCconverters 208
7.5 Soft-switchingconverters 209
7.6 Multi-elementresonantpowerconverters 213
8. DigitallyControlledAC/ACConverters
8.1 Introduction 221
8.2 TraditionalmodelingforAC/AC(AC/DC/AC)converters 244
8.3 Single-phaseAC/ACconverter 245
8.4 Three-phaseAC/ACvoltagecontrollers 245
8.5 SISOcycloconverters 246
Contents vii
8.6 TISOcycloconverters 246
8.7 TITOcycloconverters 246
8.8 AC/DC/ACPWMconverters 246
8.9 Matrixconverters 247
9. Open-loopControlforDigitalPowerElectronics
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 Stabilityanalysis 256
9.3 Unit-stepfunctionresponses 269
9.4 Impulseresponses 280
9.5 Summary 281
10. Closed-LoopControlforDigitalPowerElectronics
10.1 Introduction 283
10.2 PIcontrolforAC/DCrectifiers 288
10.3 PIcontrolforDC/ACinvertersandAC/AC(AC/DC/AC)
converters 298
10.4 PIDcontrolforDC/DCconverters 305
11. EnergyFactorApplicationinACandDCMotorDrives
11.1 Introduction 314
11.2 Energystorageinmotors 315
11.3 ADC/ACvoltagesource 317
11.4 AnAC/DCcurrentsource 333
11.5 ACmotordrives 338
11.6 DCmotordrives 342
12. ApplicationsinOtherBranchesofPowerElectronics
12.1 Introduction 348
12.2 Powersystemsanalysis 349
12.3 Powerfactorcorrection 349
12.4 Staticcompensation(STATCOM) 363
Index 401
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Preface
The purpose of this book is to provide a theory of Digital Power Electronics and its
applications. It is well organized in 400 pages and over 300 diagrams.Traditionally,
Power Electronics is analyzed by the analog control theory. For over a century, peo-
plehaveenjoyedanalogcontrolinPowerElectronics, andgoodresultsintheanalog
controlanditsapplicationsinPowerElectronicsmisleadpeopleintoanincorrectcon-
clusionthatPowerElectronicsmustbeinanalogcontrolscheme.Thematurecontrol
resultsallowedpeopletothinkthatPowerElectronicsisasunsetknowledge.Wewould
like to change these incorrect conclusions, and confer new life onto the traditional
PowerElectronics.Inthisbooktheauthorsinitiallyintroducethedigitalcontroltheory
appliedtoPowerElectronics,whichiscompletelydifferentfromthetraditionalcontrol
scheme.
PowerElectronicssupplieselectricalenergyfromitssourcetoitsusers.Itisofvital
importancetoallofindustryaswellasthegeneralpublic–justastheairthatwebreathe
andwaterthatwedrinkaretakenforgranted,untiltheyarenolongeravailable,soitis
withPowerElectronics.Therefore,wehavetocarefullyinvestigatePowerElectronics.
Energy conversion technique is the main focus of Power Electronics. DC and AC
motordrivesystemsconverttheelectricalenergytomechanicalenergyandviceversa.
ThecorrespondingequipmentthatdrivesDCandACmotorscanbedividedintofour
groups:
•
AC/DCrectifiers;
•
DC/ACinverters;
•
DC/DCconverters;
•
AC/AC(AC/DC/AC)converters.
All of the above equipment are called power supplies. They are switching circuits
working in a discrete state. High-frequency switch-on and switch-off semiconductor
devicesallowswitchingcircuitstohavetheadvantageofhighpowerrateandefficiency,
lowcost,smallsizeandhighpowerdensity.Thesizeofaflat-transformerworkingin
250kHzismuchlessthan1%ofthevolumeofanormaltransformerworkingin50Hz
withthesamepowerrating.Switchingcircuitsperforminswitching-onandswitching-
off states periodically. The switching period, T, is the sampling interval (T=1/f),
wheref istheswitchingfrequency.Switchingcircuits,includingallconverters,transfer
energy from a source to the end-users in discontinuous manner; i.e. the energy is
not continuously flowing from a source to load. The energy is pumped by energy-
quantizationviacertainenergy-storageelementstoloadinasamplinginterval.
ix