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DIGITAL INNOVATION AND
D
THE FUTURE OF WORK
I
TG
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Hans Schaffers, Matti Vartiainen and Jacques Bus (Editors) ET
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The concept of digitalization captures the widespread adoption of digital technologies in UN DIGITAL INNOVATION AND
our lives, in the structure and functioning of organizations and in the transformation of RO
E
our economy and society. Digital technologies for data processing and communication V
underly high-impact innovations including the Internet of Things, wireless multimedia, OA THE FUTURE OF WORK
FT
artificial intelligence, big data, enterprise platforms, social networks and blockchain. I
WO
These digital innovations not only bring new opportunities for prosperity and wellbeing
ON
but also affect our behaviors, activities, and daily lives. They enable and shape new
R A Hans Schaffers, Matti Vartiainen and Jacques Bus (Editors)
forms of production and new working practices in sectors such as manufacturing, KN
healthcare, logistics and supply chains, energy, and public and business services. Digital
D
innovations are not purely technological but form part of comprehensive systemic
innovations of a sociotechnical and networked nature, requiring the alignment of
technology, processes, organizations, and humans. Examples are platform-based work,
customer driven value creating networks, and urban public service systems. Building
on widespread networking, algorithmic decisions and sharing of personal data, these
innovations raise intensive societal and ethical debates regarding key issues such as
data sovereignty and privacy intrusion, business models based on data surveillance
and negative externalization, quality of work and jobs, and market dominance versus
H
regulation. In this context, this book focuses on the implications of digitalization for the
a
domain of work. The book studies the changing nature of work as well as new forms of ans
digitally enabled organizations, work practices and cooperation. The book sheds light nd S
on the technological, economic, and political forces shaping the new world of work and Jch
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on the prospects for human-centric and responsible innovations. cqaff
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To this end, the book brings together a number of studies in five major topics: s B, M
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1. The evolution of digital technology impacting ways of working st
2. The role of artificial intelligence in new ways of working (Eti V
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34.. TDriagnitsafolirzmataiotino na nodf wneoerkd, fjoorb ssk ailnlsd aenmdp clooymmpeentetncies and itorrtia
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5. New forms of decentralized working and cooperation )n
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River
Digital Innovation and the
Future of Work
RIVERPUBLISHERSSERIESININFORMATIONSCIENCE
ANDTECHNOLOGY
SeriesEditors:
K.C.Chen SandeepShukla
NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan VirginiaTech,USA
and and
UniversityofSouthFlorida,USA IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur,India
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The “River Publishers Series in Information Science and Technology” covers research which ushers
the21stCenturyintoanInternetandmultimediaera.Multimediameansthetheoryandapplicationof
filtering,coding,estimating,analyzing,detectingandrecognizing,synthesizing,classifying,recording,
and reproducing signals by digital and/or analog devices or techniques, while the scope of “signal”
includes audio, video, speech, image, musical, multimedia, data/content, geophysical, sonar/radar,
bio/medical,sensation,etc.Networkingsuggeststransportationofsuchmultimediacontentsamongnodes
incommunicationand/orcomputernetworks,tofacilitatetheultimateInternet.
Theory,technologies,protocolsandstandards,applications/services,practiceandimplementationof
wired/wirelessnetworkingareallwithinthescopeofthisseries.Basedonnetworkandcommunication
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learning, embedded systems, cognitive science, pattern recognition, quantum/biological/molecular
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andinterface,andapplicationstohealthandsocietyadvance.
Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks and
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withaninvaluableinsightintothelatestresearchanddevelopments.
Topicscoveredintheseriesinclude,butarebynomeansrestrictedtothefollowing:
• Communication/ComputerNetworkingTechnologiesandApplications
• QueuingTheory
• Optimization
• OperationResearch
• StochasticProcesses
• InformationTheory
• Multimedia/Speech/VideoProcessing
• ComputationandInformationProcessing
• MachineIntelligence
• CognitiveScienceandBrianScience
• EmbeddedSystems
• ComputerArchitectures
• ReconfigurableComputing
• CyberSecurity
Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com
Digital Innovation and the
Future of Work
Editors
Hans Schaffers
AdventureResearch,TheNetherlands
Matti Vartiainen
AaltoUniversity,Finland
Jacques Bus
DigitalEnlightenmentForum,TheNetherlands
Published,soldanddistributedby:
RiverPublishers
Alsbjergvej10
9260Gistrup
Denmark
www.riverpublishers.com
ISBN:978-87-7022-220-4(Hardback)
978-87-7022-219-8(Ebook)
©2020RiverPublishers
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionof
thepublishers.
Contents
Preface xiii
ListofContributors xv
ListofFigures xvii
ListofTables xix
ListofAbbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
HansSchaffers,MattiVartiainen,andJacquesBus
1.1 DigitalizationinaChangingSociety . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 TheFutureofWorkRevisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 MechanismsthatTransformWaysofWorking . . . 4
1.2.2 FutureNewWaysofWorkingBasedon“Old”New
WaysofWorking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 ArtificialIntelligenceandWorkingLife . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 DigitalWorkandtheHumanCondition . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 OverviewofBookContributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.1 TechnologyEvolutionandFutureWaysof
Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.2 ArtificialIntelligence,Humans,andWork . . . . . 10
1.5.3 TransformationofWorkandEmployment . . . . . 11
1.5.4 DigitalizationandtheNeedforSkillsand
Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.5 NewFormsofDecentralizedWorkingand
Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
v
vi Contents
2 TheFutureofWorkintheSixthWave 17
SofiKurkiandMarkkuWilenius
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 TheKondratieffWaveTheoryasaModelforSocietal
Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Malaska’sSocioEvolutionaryTheoryofSocialChange . . 21
2.4 TheSocietyofIntangibleNeeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 EvolutionofSkillsinOrganizations . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6 KeyFeaturesofNewWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.7 EssentialWorkSkillsintheSocietyforIntangibleNeeds . 28
2.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 EmergingTechnologiesandWorkingLife 41
RistoLinturiandOsmoKuusi
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 TechnologicalDevelopmentandSocietalGoals . . . . . . . 43
3.2.1 AnticipatedRadicalTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.2 GlobalValue-ProducingNetworks . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.3 Anticipating the Importance of Each ART and
LikelihoodoftheChallengingRegimes . . . . . . . 57
3.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4 OnHumans,ArtificialIntelligence,andOracles 63
EmilioMordini
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2 TheSorrentoCounterfeiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 TheGood,theBad,andtheUgly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 WhatComputersCan’tDo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5 EspritdeGéométrieandEspritdeFinesse . . . . . . . . . 74
4.6 TheSymmetricalLogic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.7 DataandTotality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.8 TheDeathofthePythia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5 InclusivelyDesignedArtificialIntelligence 89
AbhishekGuptaandJuttaTreviranus
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 TheIllustrativeExampleofDisability . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.3 BiasinDataCollectionandReuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Contents vii
5.4 BiasinDataProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.5 BiasinBucketsandLabels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.6 BiasintheTrainingandValidationPhase . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.7 Self-ReinforcingBias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.8 TransparencyandAuditability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.9 PrivacyandProtectionAgainstDataAbuseandMisuse . . 99
5.10 OpportunitiestoAddressBias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.10.1 AdvantagesofDiversification . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.10.2 Stepping-stonePrinciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.10.3 Move from Deep Learning to more Bottom-Up
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.10.4 Removing the Advantage of Being the Same as
MostPeople . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.10.5 DistributedAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6 Working with Big Data and AI: Toward Balanced and
ResponsibleWorkingPractices 111
ValerieFrissen
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2 DoingEthics:TowardanActionableApproachofResponsible
AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3 Case1:TheUseofAIinIntensiveCare . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.3.1 EthicsbyDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3.2 EthicsinContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.3 EthicsinUse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.4 Case 2: The Use of Data Analysis and AI to Prevent
UnderminingCrime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.4.1 Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4.3 DoingEthics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7 Working with Digital Technologies: Complexity, Acceleration,
andParadoxicalEffects 137
ChristianKorunka
7.1 NewDigitalWorkDemands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.1.1 Dispersion of Digital Technologies in the World of
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
viii Contents
7.1.2 GlobalizationandAccelerationasDrivers . . . . . 142
7.1.3 NewJobDemandsandParadoxes . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.1.4 FlexibleModesofWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.2 NewWorkDemandsandQualityofWorkingLife . . . . . 149
7.3 Conclusion:Need-basedWorkDesignandtheFuture
ofWork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8 Game-changingTechnologies:ImpactonJobQuality,
Employment,andSocialDialogue 157
EleonoraPeruffoandEnriqueFernández-Macías
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.2 ThreeVectorsofChangeintheDigitalAge . . . . . . . . . 160
8.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.4 ImpactontheProductionProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.5 ImplicationsforWorkandEmployment . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.5.1 ImplicationsforEmployment . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.5.2 ImplicationsforWorkingConditions . . . . . . . . 168
8.6 ImpactonIndustrialRelationsandSocialDialogue . . . . . 170
8.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.8 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9 The Diversity of Platform Work—Variations in Employment
andWorkingConditions 177
IreneMandlandCristianoCodagnone
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.2 TypesofPlatformWorkinEurope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.3 TheImpactofPlatformWork—DiversityAcrossTypes . . 185
9.3.1 The Macro Perspective: Platform Work and the
LaborMarket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
9.3.2 TheMicroPerspective:PlatformWorkandWorking
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.4 ConclusionsandPolicyPointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
10 Workplace Innovation and Industry 4.0: Creating Synergies
betweenHumanandDigitalPotential 197
PeterTotterdill
10.1 Introduction:ACriticalPerspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.2 ThePromise(andThreat)ofIndustry4.0 . . . . . . . . . . 199
Contents ix
10.3 OldSkillsforNewJobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.4 TheEmergenceofaNewInnovationParadigm . . . . . . . 203
10.5 HighInvolvementInnovationandIndustry4.0 . . . . . . . 205
10.6 DefiningWorkplaceInnovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
10.7 Workplace Innovation and Digital Technologies: Creating
SynergiesinPractice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.7.1 TheFirstElement:JobsandTeams . . . . . . . . . 209
10.7.2 The Second Element: Organizational Structures,
Management,andProcedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
10.7.3 The Third Element: Employee-Driven Innovation
andImprovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.7.4 The Fourth Element: Co-created Leadership and
EmployeeVoice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10.8 WorkplaceInnovationasanEnablerofDigitalTechnologies 214
10.9 People-CenteredChange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
11 CompetenciesinDigitalWork 225
MattiVartiainen
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
11.1.1 WhatHappenstoWork,NowandintheFuture . . 225
11.2 TechnologyasaDriverforaChangeinWork . . . . . . . . 228
11.2.1 WavesofTechnologicalDevelopment . . . . . . . 228
11.2.2 Typesof“New”Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
11.3 DigitalizationHasa“LongTail”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
11.3.1 TransformingWorkProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
11.3.2 ChangingOrganizationalFormsandStructures . . 237
11.3.3 CreatingNewWaysofDigitalWorking. . . . . . . 238
11.3.3.1 DigitallyEnhancedRemoteWork . . . . 238
11.3.3.2 From Mobile, Multilocational Work to
GlobalVirtualCollaboration . . . . . . . 239
11.3.3.3 WorkingonDigitalOnlinePlatforms . . 240
11.3.4 LooseEmploymentRelationships . . . . . . . . . . 241
11.4 CompetenciesinDigitalWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
11.4.1 Whatare“Competency”and“Competence”?. . . . 244
11.4.2 ExamplesofDigitallyImpactedCompetencies . . . 245
11.4.2.1 Competencies in Detached Global
Telework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
