Table Of Content

DIGITAL HATE DI GITA L H ATE The Global Conjuncture of Extreme Speech Edited by Sahana Udupa Iginio Gagliardone Peter Hervik IndIana UnIversIty Press This book is a publication of Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA iupress.org © 2021 by Indiana University Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America First printing 2021 Through the generous support of European Research Council (ERC) (funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, grant agreement No. 714285, Principal Investigator: Sahana Udupa), Indiana University Press is pleased to make this monograph freely available as an Open Access monograph. To read or download, visit https://publish.iupress.indiana.edu/projects/digital-hate/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Udupa, Sahana, editor. | Gagliardone, Iginio, editor. | Hervik, Peter, editor. Title: Digital hate : the global conjuncture of extreme speech / edited by Sahana Udupa, Iginio Gagliardone, Peter Hervik. Description: Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021043281 (print) | LCCN 2021043282 (ebook) | ISBN 9780253059253 (paperback) | ISBN 9780253059260 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Online hate speech. | Internet—Moral and ethical aspects. | Internet—Social aspects. | Discrimination. | Other (Philosophy)—Social aspects. | Online identities. | Online social networks. Classification: LCC HM851 .D533 2021 (print) | LCC HM851 (ebook) | DDC 302.30285—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043281 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043282 Cover illustration courtesy of Julia Molin. CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Hate Cultures in the Digital Age: The Global Conjuncture of Extreme Speech / Sahana Udupa, Iginio Gagliardone, and Peter Hervik 1 Part 1 Extreme Speech as Critique—Power and Agonism 1 There’s No Such Thing as Hate Speech and It’s a Good Thing, Too / David Boromisza-Habashi 23 2 The Political Trolling Industry in Duterte’s Philippines: Everyday Work Arrangements of Disinformation and Extreme Speech / Jonathan Corpus Ong 34 3 It’s Incivility, Not Hate Speech: Application of Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse Theory to Analysis of Nonanthropocentric Agency / David Katiambo 48 4 The Moral Economy of Extreme Speech: Resentment and Anger in Indian Minority Politics / Max Kramer 60 Part 2 Colloquialization of Exclusion 5 Us and (((Them))): Extreme Memes and Antisemitism on 4chan / Marc Tuters and Sal Hagen 77 6 Nationalism in the Digital Age: Fun as a Metapractice of Extreme Speech / Sahana Udupa 95 7 A Presidential Archive of Lies: Racism, Twitter, and a History of the Present / Carole McGranahan 114 8 Racialization, Racism, and Antiracism in Danish Social Media Platforms / Peter Hervik 131 vi | Contents 9 Follow the Memes: On the Construction of Far-Right Identities Online / Amy C. Mack 146 10 The Politics of Muhei: Ethnic Humor and Islamophobia on Chinese Social Media / Gabriele de Seta 162 11 Writing on the Walls: Discourses on Bolivian Immigrants in Chilean Meme Humor / Nell Haynes 175 Part 3 Organization and Disorganization 12 Blasphemy Accusations as Extreme Speech Acts in Pakistan / Jürgen Schaflechner 197 13 Localized Hatred: The Importance of Physical Spaces within the German Far-Right Online Counterpublic on Facebook / Jonas Kaiser 211 14 “Motherhood” Revisited: Pushing Boundaries in Indonesia’s Online Political Discourse / Indah S. Pratidina 227 15 Networks of Political Trolling in Turkey after the Consolidation of Power under the Presidency / Erkan Saka 240 Contributor Biographies 257 Index 259 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In this collective reflection on a pertinent and sobering topic, we have received generous support from colleagues, institutions, media, and civil society collaborators. We wish to thank all our contributing authors for staying with us throughout this project, sending their input at every request, and never once missing a deadline. It is a feat any editors would dream of. Special thanks to the anonymous reviewers, whose insight- ful comments were helpful in strengthening this collection. Special thanks to Indiana University Press editor Jennika Baines for her tremendous support and for steering the project despite the COVID-19 crisis, and to Julia Molin, Humboldt University, Berlin, for the cover page illustration. We thank research assistants Laura Csuka and Miriam Homer and copyeditor Jatinder Padda for their excellent support. Sahana Udupa thanks the European Research Council, which generously funded her project on digital politics under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 714285). The grant enabled the author to co-organize three inter- national workshops with Iginio Gagliardone, Peter Hervik, and other colleagues that served as a backbone for this volume. Peter Hervik thanks the VELUX Foundations for a generous grant for the study of racialization in Denmark. vii DIGITAL HATE