Digital Geographies PDF
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DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIES Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community. SAGE publishes more than 1000 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. Our growing selection of library products includes archives, data, case studies and video. SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the company’s continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne DIGITAL EDITED BY JAMES ASH I ROB KUCHIN I AGNIESZKA LESZCZYNSKI (DSAGE Los Angeles | London | New Delhi Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne (DSAGE Los Angeles | London | New Delhi Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne SAGE Publications Ltd Chapter 1 © James Ash, Rob Chapter 12 © Daniel Arribas-Bel 1 Oliver’s Yard Kitchin and Agnieszka 2019 55 City Road Leszczynski 2019 Chapter 13 © James Ash 2019 London EC1Y 1SP Chapter 2 © Agnieszka Chapter 14 © Sam Kinsley 2019 Leszczynski 2019 Chapter 15 © Gillian Rose 2019 SAGE Publications Inc. Chapter 3 © Andres Luque-Ayala Chapter 16 © Mark Graham and 2455 Teller Road 2019 Mohammed Amir Anwar 2019 Thousand Oaks, California 91320 Chapter 4 © Martin Dodge 2019 Chapter 17 © Matthew Zook 2019 Chapter 5 © Matthew W. Wilson Chapter 18 © Lizzie Richardson SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 2019 2019 B 1/1 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Chapter 6 © Tim Schwanen Chapter 19 © Bruno Moriset 2019 Mathura Road 2019 Chapter 20 © Dorothea Kleine New Delhi 110 044 Chapter 7 © Jim Thatcher 2019 2019 Chapter 8 © Rob Kitchin and Chapter 21 © Rob Kitchin 2019 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Tracey Lauriault 2019 Chapter 22 © Taylor Shelton 2019 3 Church Street Chapter 9 © Meghan Cope 2019 Chapter 23 © Linnet Taylor 2019 #10-04 Samsung Hub Chapter 10 © Hilary Geoghegan Chapter 24 © Jason C. Young Singapore 049483 2019 2019 Chapter 11 © David O’Sullivan Chapter 25 © Jeremy Crampton 2019 2019 First published 2019 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Editor: Robert Rojek Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940535 Assistant editor: John Nightingale Production editor: Katherine Haw British Library Cataloguing in Publication data Copyeditor: Richard Leigh Proofreader: Sharon Cawood A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Indexer: Judith Lavender Marketing manager: Susheel Gokarakonda Cover design: Francis Kenney Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in the UK ISBN 978-1-5264-4728-9 ISBN 978-1-5264-4729-6 (pbk) At SAGE we take sustainability seriously. Most of our products are printed in the UK using responsibly sourced papers and boards. When we print overseas we ensure sustainable papers are used as measured by the PREPS grading system. We undertake an annual audit to monitor our sustainability CONTENTS Contributor Biographies Vll 1 Introducing Digital Geographies James Ash, Rob Kitchin, and Agnieszka Leszczynski y DIGITAL SPACES 11 2 Spatialities 13 Agnieszka Leszczynski 3 Urban 24 Andres Luque-Ayala 4 Rural 36 Martin Dodge 5 Mapping 49 Matthew W. Wilson 6 Mobilities 60 Tim Schwanen J II DIGITAL METHODS 71 7 Epistemologies 73 Jim Thatcher 8 Data and Data Infrastructures 83 Rob Kitchin and Tracey Lauriault 9 Qualitative Methods and Geohumanities 95 Meghan Cope 10 Participatory Methods and Citizen Science 106 Hilary Geoghegan 11 Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 118 David O ’Sullivan 12 Statistics, Modelling, and Data Science 129 Dani Arribas-Bel CONTENTS III DIGITAL CULTURES 141 13 Media and Popular Culture 143 James Ash 14 Subject/ivities 153 Sam Kinsley 15 Representation and Mediation 164 Gillian Rose IV DIGITAL ECONOMIES 175 16 Labour 177 Mark Graham and Mohammad Amir Anwar 17 Industries 188 Matthew Zook 18 Sharing Economy 200 Lizzie Richardson 19 Traditional Industries 210 Bruno Moriset V DIGITAL POLITICS 223 20 Development 225 Dorothea Kleine 21 Governance 238 Rob Kitchin 22 Civics 250 Taylor Shelton 23 Ethics 260 Linnet Taylor 24 Knowledge Politics 270 Jason C. Young 25 Geopolitics 281 Jeremy W. Crampton Index 291 © CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES Mohammad Amir Anwar is a researcher at the Oxford Internet Institute. Amirs research focus is on the political economy of neoliberal globalization in the global South, mainly in India and Africa, with a particular interest in the growth of the knowledge economy in sub-Saharan Africa and its developmental impacts. Dani Arribas-Bel is Lecturer in Geographic Data Science and member of the Geographic Data Science Lab at the University of Liverpool. Dani is interested in computers, cities, and data. His work focuses on the spatial dimension of cities, computational methods, and new forms of data. James Ash is a geographer and Senior Lecturer in Media Studies at Newcastle University. His work investigates the cultures, economies, and politics of digital interfaces. He is author of The Interface Envelope: Gaming, Technology; Power and Phase Media: Space, Time and the Politics of Smart Objects. Meghan Cope is a Professor in the Geography Department at the University of Vermont. Her areas of interest include urban geography, geographies of children and youth, race geographies, qualitative research methods, and qualitative GIS. She is currently working on a digital project in historical geographies of childhood called ‘Mapping American Childhoods’. Jeremy W. Crampton is a Professor at the University of Kentucky. His interests consist of critical approaches to mapping, geosurveillance, and security. His work emphasizes how and why the geoweb, spatial big data, and algorithmic govern ance produce urban and everyday subjectivities and well-being. He is currently working on a new book entitled The Map and the Spyglass: Automation, Algorithms and Anxiety. Martin Dodge is a Senior Lecturer in Geography at the University of Manchester. His intellectual interests focus on the social and spatial enrolment of digital tech nologies as well as research on urban historical geography and the politics of maps. He has co-authored three books on digital technologies: Mapping Cyberspace, Atlas of Cyberspace, and Code/Space. CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES Hilary Geoghegan is Associate Professor of Human Geography at the University of Reading. Hilary’s research explores enthusiasm and more-than-rational ways of knowing the world. Most recently, she has pursued this interest through interro gating the motivations of volunteers, scientists, policy-makers, and practitioners involved in citizen science, as well as via a study of more-than-human tree health management. Mark Graham is Professor of Internet Geography at the Oxford Internet Institute, a Senior Research Fellow at Green Templeton College, and a Faculty Fellow at the Alan Turing Institute. He is interested in who benefits most and least from the world’s increasing connectivity. Sam Kinsley is a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Exeter. His teaching, research, and associated writing explore geographies of technology by unpicking what ‘technologies’ are and how they are involved in our understandings and experiences of space. He has presented and published his research in various dis ciplinary contexts. Rob Kitchin is a professor and ERC Advanced Investigator at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. He has been researching digital geographies for two decades. His books include Cyberspace, Mapping Cyberspace, Atlas of Cyberspace, Code/Space: Software and Everyday Life, The Data Revolution, and Code and the City. He is presently (co)principal investigator of the Programmable City project and the Building City Dashboards project. Dorothea Kleine is Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield where she leads the Digital Technologies, Data and Innovation group at the Sheffield Institute for International Development. She is the Chair of the Digital Geographies Working Group of the UK Royal Geographical Society (with IBG). Her research investigates sustainable human development, global justice, and the role of digital technologies in making progress towards these aims. Tracey Lauriault is an Assistant Professor of Critical Media and Big Data in the School of Journalism and Communication, Communication Studies, at Carleton University in Ottawa. Her research focus is part of a new field entitled critical data studies. Agnieszka Leszczynski is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at Western University in London, Ontario. Her work engages the social, economic, and technological shifts associated with the commercialization of digital location through studying a number of phenomena, including map-based apps, location-based services, sensors, and geocoded content. CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES Andres Luque-Ayala is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at Durham University. His research focuses on the politics of urban infrastructures in the global South. Currently he is working on the coupling of digital and mate rial infrastructures as a new security apparatus in the city. Bruno Moriset is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Planning at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, France. His research focuses on the geography of information technology and the digital economy. He is co-author, with Edward J. Malecki, of The Digital Economy: Business Organization, Production Processes and Regional Developments. David O’Sullivan is Professor of Geography and Geospatial Science at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand with research interests in simulation models and geographic complexity, urban neighbourhood change, and the social implica tions of geospatial technology. He is author of numerous peer-reviewed papers, and co-author of Geographic Information Analysis and of Spatial Simulation. Lizzie Richardson is Leverhulme Early Career Fellow in the Department of Geography, Durham University. Much of her current research examines the rela tionships between technology, culture, and work. Gillian Rose is a cultural geographer. She is Professor of Human Geography at the University of Oxford. She has a long-standing interest in how images mediate relations with places, spaces, and landscapes, and in visual methods. Her current research focuses on digital visualizations, and in particular how they are shifting our experiences of cities. Tim Schwanen is Associate Professor in Transport Studies and Director of the Transport Studies Unit, a research institute in the School of Geography and the Environment of the University of Oxford. His research is concerned with the geographies of mobility and addresses broader theoretical and empirical questions about inequality, well-being, socio-technical transitions, and processes of techno logical innovation. Taylor Shelton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geosciences at Mississippi State University. His research interests lie at the intersection of digital geographies, critical GIS and urban geography. In particular, his work focuses on how new sources of data can be used to rethink urban socio-spatial inequalities. Linnet Taylor is Assistant Professor of Data Ethics, Law and Policy at the Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT), where she leads the ERC- funded DATAJUSTICE project. Her research focuses on global data justice — the CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES development of a framework for the ethical and beneficial governance of data technologies across different regions and perspectives. Jim Thatcher is an Assistant Professor at the University of Washington Tacoma. His research examines the recursive relations among extremely large geospatial datasets, the creation and analysis of those datasets, and society.This work often falls into critical data studies or digital political ecology. Matthew W. Wilson is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Kentucky, Visiting Scholar at the Center for Geographic Analysis at Harvard University, and the Distinguished Larry Bell Visiting Associate Professor at The University of British Columbia. His is the author of New Lines. Jason C. Young is a Senior Research Scientist with the Information School at the University ofWashington. His research interests include digital geographies, indig enous knowledge systems, knowledge politics, and participatory research design. He has worked on digital projects with indigenous communities in the Peruvian Amazon and the Canadian Arctic. Matthew Zook is Professor of Information and Economic Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Kentucky. His research focuses on the production, practices and uses of big geodata and how code, algorithms, and mobile digital technologies help shape everyday, lived geographies.
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