Digital Electronic Circuits

545 Pages·2019·8 MB·English

by  Shuqin Lou, Chunling Yang

ShuqinLou,ChunlingYang
DigitalElectronicCircuits
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Computer Engineering
Volume 4
Already published in the series
Volume3
BaolongGuo,SignalsandSystems,2018
ISBN978-3-11-059541-3,e-ISBN978-3-11-059390-7,
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-059296-2
Volume2
JieYang,CongfengLiu,RandomSignalAnalysis,2018
ISBN978-3-11-059536-9,e-ISBN978-3-11-059380-8,
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-059297-9
Volume1
BeijaNing,AnalogElectronicCircuit,2018
ISBN978-3-11-059540-6,e-ISBN978-3-11-059386-0,
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-059319-8
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Shuqin Lou, Chunling Yang
Digital Electronic
Circuits
Principles and Practices
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Authors
ShuqinLou
BeijingJiaotongUniversity
ChunlingYang
HarbinInstituteofTechnology
ISBN978-3-11-061466-4
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-061491-6
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-061493-0
ISSN2570-1614
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018953871
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TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailed
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Preface
With the rapid development of digital technology, digital electronic circuits are
widelyusedincomputers,communicationssystems,navigationandguidancesys-
tems, medical instrumentations, consumer and industrial electrical systems. It is
essentialforengineersandstudentstofullyunderstandboththefundamentalsand
theimplementationandapplicationprinciplesofdigitalcircuits,thusenablingthem
to master the most appropriate and effective technique to satisfy their technical
needs.Thistextbookaimstocoverallthreeaspectsrelatedtotheteachingofdigital
circuits:digitalprinciples,digitalelectronics,anddigitaldesign.Itteachesthefunda-
mentalprinciplesofdigitalcircuitsorsystemsandcoversthoroughlybothtraditional
andmodernmethodsofapplyingdigitaldesignanddevelopmenttechniques.This
textbook is appropriate for a compulsory course of digital electronic circuits or
systemsintheelectronicandelectricalengineering,computerscienceandengineer-
ing, mechanical and electronic engineering, instrumentation engineer, and others
majorly related to electronics; it also can be a self-study reference book for digital
designers and engineers who want to design and build real digital circuits and
systems.
This book covers three aspects of digital circuits: digital principles, digital
electronics,anddigitaldesign.Itisorganizedbasedontheideathatstudentsmust
graspthefundamentalknowledge,butatthesametimetounderstandhowcircuits
workintherealworld.Hence,the“principlesandpractices”themearebothadopted.
Itisgroundedonbasicprinciplesofdigitaldesignthatdonotchangewithtechnol-
ogy,suchascombinationallogic,sequentiallogic,andstatemachine.Afundamen-
talgroundingonthebasicconceptsofdigitalcircuitsandsystemsisreinforcedbyan
abundanceofillustrations,examples,applications,andexercises.
Therapiddevelopmentofintegratedcircuitstechnologyresultsinanexponential
increaseoftheintegrateddensity;logicpackagesinatinyintegratedchipareevolveda
dozen to more than millions of transistors. To keep up with the development of
integratedcircuitstechnology,thisbookalsointroducesthemoderndesignmethods
using electronic design automation (EDA). These include how to use the hardware
descriptionlanguage(HDL)describingthecircuitandhowtoimplementdesignswith
programmable logic devices (PLDs) and large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit. We also
believethatstudentsshouldbeinvolvedwithprojectsusingthestate-of-the-artdesign
toolsandhardwaresolutions.
Ineachchapterofthistextbook,thereisanintroductionandtheobjectivesatthe
beginningandsummaryaswellaskeytermsattheend.Thetreatmentofeachnew
topicordevicetypicallystartswiththeprincipleofoperationandthentheexplana-
tionsofapplications.Theinternalcircuitanalysisandcalculationofadigitalcircuit
are replaced by an emphasis on the introduction to the characteristics and para-
meters of the circuit. Self-test and problems are arranged in every chapter to help
students gain the ability of analyzing and designing digital circuits and systems.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110614916-201
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VI Preface
Theproblemsarearrangedinsequence,fromsimpletocomplex.Especially,thein-
depth problems are chosen to reinforce the material without simply repeating the
principles. This provides with a wide choice of student assignments and also
enhances students to demonstrate comprehension of the principles by applying
them to different situations. The most difficult goal in this textbook is set to help
studentsadapttotheinevitablechangesinthefuture.Asanewtechnologyemerges,
youwouldbeabletodesigncircuitswithit,utilizingthefundamentalconceptsand
methodsintroducedinthisbook.
Content organization and chapter overview
Thistextbookincludes12chapterscoveringthreemajortopics.Thesearetheprinci-
pleandapplicationofsmall-andmedium-scaledigitalintegratedcircuits,large-scale
digitalintegratedcircuits,andanalog-digitalmixedcircuits.
Small-andmedium-scaledigitalintegratedcircuitsincludelogicgatecircuits,
combinational logic circuits, flip-flops and related device, and sequential logic
circuits. The logic gate circuits are composed of transistors, multiple logic gates
constitutecombinationallogiccircuits,flip-flops,andcombinationallogiccircuits
constitute sequential logic circuits. Their mathematical basis is logical algebra,
whichisalsoknownasBooleanalgebra.
Large-scaledigitalintegratedcircuitscoveredinthisbookincludememoriesand
PLDs. Memories, including read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory
(RAM), are used to store data, programs, tables, etc. Programmable logic devices
(PLDs) include simple PLDs, complex PLDs, and field programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs).
Actually,lotsofelectronicproductsarecomposedofanalogcircuitsanddigital
circuits, which are analog-digital mixed circuits. Analog-to-digital converters (ADC)
anddigital-to-analogconverters(DAC)areessentialinterfacecircuitsbetweenanalog
signalanddigitalsignal.
Thecontentsofthe12chaptersarebrieflydescribedinthefollowing.
Chapter 1 provides a broad overview of digital electronic circuit, including the
introduction of basic concepts, advantages of digital technology, the classification
andthetypicalpackageofdigitalintegratedcircuits,andtheEDAtechnology.The
keytermslistedattheendofthechapteraretohelplearnerseasilyandclearlygrasp
thebasicconceptsindigitalcircuits.
Chapters2and3arethefundamentalpartsthatwillenablestudentstopreparethe
fundamental theory and methods for further learning the core contents of digital
circuits. Chapter 2 introduces number representations, number conversions, binary
arithmetic,andthemostcommonlyusedbinarycodes.Chapter3beginswiththebasic
logicaloperationsandlogicgates,anditcontinueswiththefundamentalsofBoolean
algebra,includingBooleantheory,axioms,andtheoremsthatcanbeappliedtodigital
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Preface VII
circuits.ThentheexpressionmethodsofBooleanfunction,especiallystandardsum-of-
product and product-of-sum expression, are introduced. Finally, the simplification
methodofBooleanexpressionwithBooleanalgebraandKarnaughmaparediscussed.
These provide theoretical fundamental for further analyzing and designing digital
circuit.
Chapter4isoneofthecorecontentsofdigitalcircuits,whichintroducesanalysis
anddesignmethodsofgate-levelandblock-levelcombinationallogiccircuits.This
chapter introduces some functional modules of digital integrated circuits, such as
multiplexers, decoders, adders, and comparators, as well as their applications in
constructing the combinational logic circuits and systems. In the last part, the
commonly used hardware description language, Verilog hardware description lan-
guage (HDL), and the typical Verilog HDL descriptions of commonly used logic
modulesareintroduced,whichisfundamentaltoPLDs.
Chapters5–8areaboutsequentiallogiccircuits,whicharealsothecorecontentsof
digitalcircuits.Chapter5coversthebasicdevicesforconstructingsequentialsignaland
sequential circuits, which include different types of flip-flops for the applications of
memoryandmultivibratorsforpulsegenerationandtransformation.Chapter6begins
withthebasicconceptsandstructuralfeaturesofsequentiallogiccircuitsandcontinues
withthegeneralanalysisanddesignmethodofsequentialcircuits,focusingespecially
ontheanalysisanddesignofsynchronoussequentialcircuits.Thischapterendswith
the state minimization to further simplify the design of sequential circuits. Chapter 7
focusesoncounters,whichareverywidelyusedsequentialmodulesindigitalsystems.
Countersareusuallymanufacturedasseparateintegratedcircuitsandalsoincorporated
asapartoflargerintegratedcircuits.Thischapterintroducesasynchronouscounters,
synchronous counters, cascaded counters, and counter integrated modules and the
related applications. Chapter 8 introduces registers and shift registers, which are
another kind of commonly used sequential circuits in digital system. The contents
includeregisters,shiftregisters,andtheapplicationsofshiftregisters.
Chapters 9 and 10 are the contents involving large-scale integrated circuits.
Chapter 9 deals with semiconductor memories for storing large amount of data. The
contentsinvolveRAM,ROM,andspecialtypesofsemiconductormemories.Thischapter
begins with the concepts, the memory cell organization, the basic operations and
applications of ROM, and continues with RAM, including static RAMs (SRAMs) and
dynamic RAMs (DRAMs). At the end, two methods for expanding the capacity of
memory,word-lengthexpansionandword-capacityexpansion,areintroducedtocon-
structthelargercapacityofmemory.Chapter10coversPLDsincludingSPLDs,CPLDs,
and FPGAs.TheprogrammingprocessofPLDsisbrieflyintroducedatthe end of the
chapter.
Chapter 11 deals with the interface circuits between analog circuits and digital
circuits. The conversion accuracy and speed are two main parameters for ADC and
DAC.ThischapterintroducesthebasicconceptsandoperatingprinciplesofDACsand
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VIII Preface
ADCs. Commonly used DACs include binary-weighted-input DAC and R/2R ladder
DAC.CommonlyusedADCsincludeflashADC,successive-approximationADC,dual-
slopeADC,andsigma-deltaADC.SeveraltypicalintegratedDACsandADCschipsand
theirapplicationsareintroducedattheend.
Chapter 12 covers the integrated circuit technologies for designing and manu-
facturing logic gates. Two kinds of integrated circuit technologies are introduced.
Oneisbipolartechnology,andthe typicallogic familyistransistor-transistorlogic
(TTL). Another is MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) or
unipolar technology and the typical logic family is CMOS (complementary MOS)
logic.TheinterfacebetweenTTLandCMOS-integratedcircuitsarediscussedatthe
endofthischapter.
Thistextbookalsoincludesthreeappendices.Appendix1isabriefintroduction
toQuartusII,whichiscommonlyusedEDAsoftwarefordesigninglarge-scaledigital
integrated circuits and PLDs. Appendix 2 provides the information of Altera DE2
developmentandeducationboardforimplementingthedesignofPLDs.Appendix3
liststheabbreviationsinthisbook.
To the instructors
Thistextbookcoversacomprehensiverangeoftopics,beginningwithbasicdigital
conceptsandprogressingthroughnumbersystems,Booleanalgebraandlogicsim-
plification,combinationallogiccircuit,sequentiallogiccircuit,programmablelogic
device,semiconductormemory,ADCandDAC,andintegratedcircuittechnologies.
Owingtothetimelimitationsofcourseandthedifferenceofthemajor,instruc-
tors can change the sequence for certain topics as they appear in the textbook.
Chapter 12 is intended to be used as a flexible chapter, which can be covered in
wholeorinpartatanypointinthetext,oritcanbeomittedwithoutaffectingany
othertopics.IfyouwanttoincludeChapter12inyourlecture,thesuggestionpoints
aretoputthischapterafterChapter3orarrangeitattheendofthecoursewithout
affectingtheothercontents.Ifthestudentsalreadylearntheknowledgeofnumber
systemandanalog-to-digitalconversion,youcanomitChapter11andpartofcontent
in Chapter 2. If you want to emphasize the content of pulse generation and pulse
transform, you can split one shot, astable multivibrator, Schmitt trigger, and 555
timerfromChapter5intoseparatedchapters.
To the students
Forstudents,ifyouwanttomastertheknowledgeofdigitalcircuitinthistextbook.
Youshouldpayanattentiontothefollowingsuggestion.
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Preface IX
Firstly, logical algebra is the mathematical basis of digital circuit. A basic
knowledge about logic algebra is indispensable for learning digital circuits.
Secondly, you should master logic function and the external characteristics of
digital integrated circuits. Thirdly, digital electronic circuit is a course with
strong application background. Strengthening practical training is essential
part for this course. Finally, EDA is the up-to-date development of electronic
technology. Programmable logic devices are currently the most frequently used
logic devices, and the design of programmable logic devices needs to be rea-
lized through EDA technology. Examples of Verilog HDL for some logic circuits
are provided in Chapter 4. The readers can write their own Verilog HDL codes
for other logic circuits accordingly. In addition, Appendix I shows the guidance
of programmable logic device design by using software Quartus II. Function
simulation can be carried out for digital circuits by using Quartus II, and the
digital circuit simulation capabilities of students can be trained and strength-
ened. Students should actively learn the new knowledge through simulation
experiments.
Acknowledgment
Manypeoplehavecontributedtothepublicationofthistextbook.Theauthorsofthis
textbookareShuqinLou,ChunlingYang,LeiKang,XinWang,YanShen,andMuLi
from Beijing Jiaotong University, Harbin Institute of Technology and Hebei
UniversityofTechnology,China.Amongthem,ShuqinLouandChunlingYangare
in charge of the whole planning, writting, and modification of the contents in this
book. Lei Kang, Xin Wang, Yan Shen, and Mu Li wrote several main chapters.
ZhongqiuHua,ShuangBai,andXinzhiShenghelpeduspolishthelanguage.Some
students,WanZhang,ShiboYan,TongtongZhao,ZijuanTang,MinqingWang,Zhen
Xing, AilunZhang, Yuxin Zhong, Xidan Liu, and YananWu, helped usprepare all
figure files. Our overseas students, including James Konchellah, Rueben Kawaka,
Joseph Mwanzia, Daniel Muoki, Dadson Wamuiga, Simon Gituba, Edwin Thuo,
Issa Abdirizak, Loise Wanjiku, Christopher Kipamet, Clinton Munene, and Bilal
Maddihani,helpedusproofreadthebook.Wewouldliketoacknowledgetheefforts
ofProfessorZhenggangLianwhoreviewedcontentsofthistextbookandgaveusa
lotofsuggestions.
A writing project of this book requires conscientious and professional
editorial support. We thank the editors from De Gruyter Press of Germany
and Science Press of China for their help to make this publication a success.
Miss Pan Sisi and other editors dedicated a lot of energy to the book. We wish
to express our heartfelt gratitude to the editorial and publication team from De
Gruyter Press and Science Press for supporting this edition of our book.
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