Digital Communication

540 Pages·2015·13.18 MB·English

by  Singal

Digital Communication
About the Author
T L Singal is currently Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Chitkara University, Punjab.
He obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree with honours in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kurukshetra, in
1981. He pursued Master of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
from Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. During 1981–2002, he worked in the fi eld of
wireless and cellular communications with leading telecom organizations in India, Germany,
and USA. He managed various VHF/UHF wireless communication projects in reputed
companies like HAL, Hyderabad, and PSIDC, Chandigarh. He visited Germany on business trips for technical
know-how transfer of Multi-Access Wireless Communication Systems during 1990–92. He has also worked as
Senior Network Consultant with Flextronics Network Services, Dallas (Texas), USA, and offered optimization
solutions in the domain of GSM and CDMA 2G/3G cellular technologies for various clients such as Nokia, AT&T,
Nortel, Cingular Wireless, Voice Stream, USA, during 2000–2002. Since 2003, he has been working as Senior
Faculty with Punjab Technical University and Chitkara University.
Prof Singal’s areas of interests include modeling and performance analysis of digital communication systems,
seamless mobility in future-generation digital cellular networks, and convergence of wireless and internet
technologies. He has convened international conferences and workshops on Wireless Networks and Embedded
Systems, and edited proceedings of conferences. He has presented several technical research papers in international
journals and conferences.
Digital Communication
T L S
INGAL
Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Chitkara University
Rajpura, Punjab
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Digital Communication
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Contents
Preface xiii
0. Preliminaries 0.1
Details of this chapter are available through this QR code
1. PCM, and Delta Modulation and Demodulation 1.1–1.64
Learning Objectives 1.1
Essence of Pulse Code Modulation 1.2
Introduction 1.2
A Primer 1.4
1.1 Practical Aspects of Sampling 1.6
1.1.1 Sampling Theorem 1.7
Important Defi nitions 1.7
1.1.2 Methods of Sampling 1.10
1.1.3 Signifi cance of Sampling Rate 1.12
1.1.4 Anti-aliasing Filter 1.13
1.1.5 Application of Sampling Theorem — PAM/TDM 1.18
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 1.20
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 1.1 1.20
1.2 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 1.20
1.2.1 Block Diagram of PCM 1.21
1.2.2 PCM Sampling 1.22
1.2.3 Quantization of Sampled Signal 1.24
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 1.29
1.2.4 Encoding of a Quantized Sampled Signal 1.29
1.2.5 PCM System using Codec 1.30
1.2.6 PCM System Parameters 1.31
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 1.2 1.39
Mid-Chapter Check 1.40
1.3 DPCM and Adaptive DPCM 1.41
1.3.1 DPCM Transmitter with Predictor 1.42
1.3.2 DPCM Receiver with Predictor 1.43
1.3.3 Adaptive Differential PCM 1.43
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 1.3 1.44
1.4 Delta Modulation 1.45
1.4.1 Slope Overload and Granular Noise 1.47
1.4.2 DM Encoder and Decoder 1.50
1.4.3 Delta-Sigma Modulation 1.55
1.4.4 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) 1.55
viii Contents
1.4.5 Comparison of PCM and DM Techniques 1.56
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 1.4 1.57
Key Concepts 1.58
Learning Outcomes 1.58
Hands-on Projects 1.59
Objective-Type Questions 1.59
Short-Answer-Type Questions 1.61
Discussion Questions 1.62
Problems 1.62
Critical Thinking Questions 1.63
References for Further Reading 1.64
2. Baseband Transmission and Digital Multiplexing 2.1–2.82
Learning Objectives 2.1
Essence of Baseband Transmission and Digital Multiplexing 2.2
Introduction 2.2
A Primer 2.2
2.1 Line Coding and its Types 2.3
2.1.1 Desirable Properties of Line Codes 2.6
2.1.2 Types of Line-Coding Techniques 2.10
2.1.3 Power Spectra of Line Codes 2.26
2.1.4 Attributes of Line Coding Techniques — A Comparison 2.30
2.1.5 Application Areas of Line-Coding Techniques 2.37
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 2.40
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 2.1 2.40
2.2 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 2.41
2.2.1 Effects of ISI 2.41
2.2.2 Eye Diagram 2.44
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 2.47
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 2.2 2.47
2.3 Nyquist Pulse Shaping and Equalization 2.47
2.3.1 Nyquist Criterion for Zero ISI 2.48
2.3.2 Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaping 2.51
2.3.3 Equalization to Reduce ISI 2.55
2.3.4 Self-Synchronization 2.58
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 2.3 2.59
Mid-Chapter Check 2.60
2.4 Digital Multiplexing and TDM 2.61
2.4.1 Synchronous TDM 2.63
2.4.2 Asynchronous TDM 2.64
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 2.4 2.67
2.5 Digital Carrier Systems 2.68
2.5.1 North American Digital Carrier System 2.68
2.5.2 European Digital Carrier System 2.75
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 2.5 2.76
Key Concepts 2.77
Learning Outcomes 2.77
Hands-on Projects 2.78
Contents ix
Objective-Type Questions 2.78
Short-Answer-Type Questions 2.80
Discussion Questions 2.81
Problems 2.81
Critical Thinking Questions 2.82
References for Further Reading 2.82
3. Digital Modulation and Demodulation 3.1–3.70
Learning Objectives 3.1
Essence of Digital Modulation 3.2
Introduction 3.2
A Primer 3.3
3.1 Binary Digital Modulation Techniques 3.4
3.1.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 3.4
3.1.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 3.10
3.1.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 3.15
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 3.20
3.1.4 Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) 3.20
3.1.5 Differentially Encoded Phase Shift Keying (DEPSK) 3.23
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 3.1 3.25
3.2 M-ary Digital Modulation Techniques 3.26
3.2.1 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 3.26
3.2.2 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 3.32
3.2.3 p/4-Phase Shift QPSK 3.34
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 3.36
3.2.4 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 3.36
3.2.5 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) 3.39
3.2.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 3.44
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 3.2 3.48
Mid-Chapter Check 3.49
3.3 Coherent and Non-coherent Detection 3.50
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 3.3 3.53
3.4 Performance of Digital Modulation Techniques 3.54
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 3.4 3.64
Key Concepts 3.65
Learning Outcomes 3.65
Hands-on Projects 3.66
Objective-Type Questions 3.66
Short-Answer-Type Questions 3.68
Discussion Questions 3.68
Problems 3.69
Critical Thinking Questions 3.69
References for Further Reading 3.70
4. Information Theory 4.1–4.67
Learning Objectives 4.1
Reliable Transmission of Information – An Essence 4.2
x Contents
Introduction 4.2
A Primer 4.2
4.1 Discrete and Continuous Messages 4.4
4.1.1 Message Sources — DMS and MARKOV 4.6
4.1.2 Amount of Information 4.7
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 4.1 4.12
4.2 Average Information and Entropy 4.13
MATLAB Simulation Exercises 4.34
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 4.2 4.34
Mid-Chapter Check 4.35
4.3 Characteristics of Discrete Memoryless Channel 4.36
4.3.1 Mutual Information 4.40
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 4.3 4.45
4.4 Shannon’s Channel-Coding Theorem 4.46
4.4.1 Channel Capacity 4.49
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 4.4 4.62
Key Concepts 4.62
Learning Outcomes 4.63
Objective-Type Questions 4.63
Short-Answer-Type Questions 4.65
Discussion Questions 4.65
Problems 4.66
Critical Thinking Questions 4.67
References for Further Reading 4.67
5. Coding 5.1–5.102
Learning Objectives 5.1
Essence of Source and Channel Coding 5.2
Introduction 5.2
A Primer 5.4
5.1 Basics of Source Encoding 5.6
5.1.1 Classifi cation of Source Codes 5.7
5.1.2 Kraft–McMillan Inequality 5.11
5.1.3 Source-Coding Theorem 5.11
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 5.1 5.18
5.2 Source-Coding Techniques 5.18
5.2.1 Shannon–Fano Source Code 5.19
5.2.2 Huffman Source Code 5.24
5.2.3 Lempel–Ziv Code 5.34
Self-Assessment Exercise linked to LO 5.2 5.36
Mid-Chapter Check 5.37
5.3 Error-Control Channel Coding 5.38
5.3.1 Types of Errors and Error-Control Codes 5.39
5.3.2 Hamming Codes 5.44
5.3.3 Cyclic Codes 5.51
5.3.4 BCH Codes 5.54
5.3.5 Hadamard Codes 5.57