Table Of ContentAdvances in 21st Century Human Settlements
Weijun Gao Editor
Digital Analysis
of Urban
Structure and
Its Environment
Implication
Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements
SeriesEditor
Bharat Dahiya, College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Thammasat University,
Bangkok,Thailand
EditorialBoardMembers
AndrewKirby,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,USA
ErhardFriedberg,SciencesPo-Paris,France
RanaP.B.Singh,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,India
KongjianYu,PekingUniversity,Beijing,China
MohamedElSioufi,MonashUniversity,Clayton,Australia
TimCampbell,WoodrowWilsonCenter,USA
YoshitsuguHayashi,ChubuUniversity,Kasugai,Japan
XuemeiBai,AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia
DagmarHaase,HumboldtUniversity,Germany
BenC.Arimah,UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgram,Nairobi,Kenya
IndexedbySCOPUS
* * *
ThisSeriesfocusesontheentire spectrumofhuman settlements –fromruralto
urban,indifferentregionsoftheworld,withquestionssuchas:Whatfactorscause
and guide the process of change in human settlements from rural to urban in
character,fromhamletsandvillagestotowns,citiesandmegacities?Isthisprocess
different across time and space, how and why? Is there a future for rural life? Is it
possibleornottohaveindustrial developmentinruralsettlements,andhow? Why
does ‘urban shrinkage’ occur? Are the rural areas urbanizing or is that urban areas
are undergoing ‘ruralisation’ (in form of underserviced slums)? What are the chal-
lenges faced by ‘mega urban regions’, and how they can be/are being addressed?
What drives economic dynamism in human settlements? Is the urban-based eco-
nomicgrowthparadigmtheonlyanswertothequestforsustainabledevelopment,or
is there an urgent need to balance between economic growth on one hand and
ecosystem restoration and conservation on the other – for the future sustainability
ofhumanhabitats?Howandwhatnewtechnologyishelpingtoachievesustainable
development in human settlements? What sort of changes in the current planning,
managementandgovernanceofhumansettlementsareneededtofacethechanging
environmentincludingtheclimateandincreasingdisasterrisks?Whatistheunique-
nessofthenew‘socio-cultural spaces’thatemergeinhumansettlements,andhow
they change over time? As rural settlements become urban, are the new ‘urban
spaces’resultinginthelossofrurallifeand‘socio-culturalspaces’?Whatisleading
the preservation of rural ‘socio-cultural spaces’ within the urbanizing world,
andhow?Whatistheemergingnatureoftherural-urbaninterface,andwhatfactors
influence it? What are the emerging perspectives that help understand the human-
environment-culture complex through the study of human settlements and the
related ecosystems, and how do they transform our understanding of cultural
landscapes and ‘waterscapes’ in the 21st Century? What else is and/or likely to be
new vis-à-vis human settlements – now and in the future? The Series, therefore,
welcomescontributionswithfreshcognitiveperspectivestounderstandthenewand
emerging realities of the 21st Century human settlements. Such perspectives will
include a multidisciplinary analysis, constituting of the demographic, spatio-
economic, environmental, technological, and planning, management and gover-
nancelenses.
If you are interested in submitting a proposal for this series, please contact the
SeriesEditor,orthePublishingEditor:
Bharat Dahiya (bharatdahiya@gmail.com) or Loyola D'Silva (loyola.
dsilva@springer.com)
Weijun Gao
Editor
Digital Analysis of Urban
Structure and Its Environment
Implication
Editor
WeijunGao
DepartmentofArchitecture,Facultyof
EnvironmentalEngineering
TheUniversityofKitakyushu
Kitakyushu,Japan
ISSN2198-2546 ISSN2198-2554 (electronic)
Advancesin21stCenturyHumanSettlements
ISBN978-981-19-6640-8 ISBN978-981-19-6641-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore
PteLtd.2023
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Preface
Theenvironmentinwhichhumanbeingshavebeenlivingisamaterial andimma-
terialpropertythatalldifferentlivesownjointly.Toseekagoodstatusandqualityof
an urban environment is the common wish of people. During the twenty-first
century,itisourresponsibletasktoleavearichenvironmentforthenextgenerations
withoutanyregret.
With the urbanization of the world, the living environment has become worse
withmanyproblemssuchasheatisland,airpollution,andalargeamountofenergy
consumption.InJapan,environmentalstudieshavemainlyfocusedonhowtheway
the urban environment should be because a large part of the population have been
living in urban areas. Although urban areas have provided great convenience with
regard to advanced social economics for people, urban areas also have put a
considerable amount of load on the material recycle of the environment with the
consumption ofresourcesand energy in order tokeep onthe economicprosperity.
Nature in urban areas has been disappeared with concrete roads or buildings.
Environment problems have been widely recognized since the end of the 1960s
and the beginning of the 1970s when the Club of Rome published their famous
report “Limits of Growth” and the oil shock attacked the world. Some counter-
movementshavebeenseekingalternativewaystotrytoliveinabalancewithnature.
Theconceptofecologicalplanning,therefore,hasbeenputforwardmainlysincethe
1960s. Environmental and ecological demands are strong in advanced countries,
such as the United States and Japan. In the 1990s, many studies of ecological
planning have been carried out in Japan to emphasize living together with nature,
bydecreasingtheenvironmentalloadandcreatingtheamenityofurbanenvironment
with high efficiency. One of those subjects is to mitigate the urban climate by
introducingthegreenareaintotheurbanspaceandtoberearranged.
Theurbanizationprocessisongoingworldwide.However,thecharacteristicsof
city development in different regions are manifold. Most of the cities are growing
fast,whileasmallnumberofcitiesarealsoshrinking.Inthosegrowingcities,some
aredevelopingtowardsahigh-riseandcompactformandothersaredevelopingina
scattered pattern. Cities in Asia are usually high-rise and compact with higher
v
vi Preface
population density, which exerts impacts on our living environment with a larger
intensity and is drawing more attention. Under different urbanization and develop-
ment scenarios, cities are facing new challenges and becoming a major concern.
Betterunderstandingonrelatedphysicallawsandsustainabletechnologiesisbadly
needed. Creating a sustainable and livable urban environment and realizing the
sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) is one of the
biggestchallengesinthiscentury,eveninnextcenturies.
MylaboratorystartedresearchontheurbanenvironmentinAsiaaround2004and
sent out about 11 doctoral students in this field. This book contains the latest
achievements ofitscoremembers, withProfessorYanWangofTianjinChengjian
University and Prof. Dian Zhou of Xi’an Jiaotong University. This book is an
attempttoanalyzetherelationshipbetweentheurbanstructureanditsenvironment.
Thecontentsofthisbookincludepopulationmobilityandurbandevelopment,land
usewithurbanexpansionandshrinkage,urbanizationandenvironmentalevaluation,
urban evaluation analysis using GIS and AI, heat island prediction, climate design
forurbanthermalandwalkingcomfort,andurbanstructureanditsenvironment.
This book comprises the latest scientific technology in this field, compiled by
thesedoctoralstudents,andsummarizestheexperiencesoftheeditorinthisfieldfor
morethan20years.
XingtianWANG:ResearchoncityenvironmentanditsplanninginChina,PhD
in2007.
Dongjie GUAN: Simulation and assessment of urban ecological environment
basedongeographicinformationsystemandsystemdynamicsmodel,PhDin2009.
KazuyukiWATARI:Evaluationandutilization oflanduseandpublictransport
inKitakyushubyusinggeographicinformationsystem,PhDin2015.
Mochamad Donny KOERNIAWAN: Effect of urban structure on thermal com-
fortandwalkingcomfortinJakarta,PhDin2015.
Jianan LIU: Evaluation and analysis of urban spatial structure around the train
stationinKitakyushu,PhDin2016.
Wei CHEN: Comprehensive evaluation and environmental effects of urbaniza-
tionprocessinChina,PhDin2018.
WangchongyuPENG:Comprehensiveassessmentofurbandevelopmentandits
environmentalimplicationsbetweenChinaandJapan,PhDin2020.
Rui WANG: Research on spatial downscale temperature prediction by using
machinelearninganditsapplicationinurbanheatisland,PhDin2021.
Xue FANG: Study on the sustainability performance of urbanization and its
environmentamongmegalopolisesinChina,PhDin2021.
DongSUN:Visualqualityevaluationofurbanlandscapebasedonimageanalysis
inShenyang,China,PhDin2022.
Yu CHEN: Comprehensive analysis of population-economy-space urbanization
inthecounty-levelareasbeforeandafterWenchuanearthquake,PhDin2022.
Duringthepast20years,WeijunGaoasaPrincipalInvestigator,hasreceiveda
lotoffundsfromthegovernmentandprivatesectors,especially.
1999–2000 Investigative research on China’s urbanization and environmental
problemsandtheirimpactonJapan,KajimaFoundation.
Preface vii
2000–2001 Monitoring and modeling of the impact of growing Asian cities on
theglobalenvironment,MitsubishiFoundation.
2011–2012Developmentofstrategiesforlow-carbonconstructioninthebuilding
sector for the construction of environmental future cities and their application to
Asiancities,ScienceandTechnologyJointResearchandDevelopmentGrantswith
Asian Universities, Kitakyushu Foundation for the Advancement of Industry, Sci-
enceandTechnology.
2014–2018SmartcitylearningprograminKitakyushuenvironmentalfuturecity,
JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency.
Thisbookalsohasbeensupportedbythefollowingfunds:
2019–2023 Key technology research and development, integration and demon-
stration of coastal green city based on the deep integration of smart-environment-
recycle,ShandongProvince.
2019–2023 Improvement of energy efficiency and health performance of build-
ingsbasedonlifecyclecarbonreduction,KeyProjectsofInternationalCooperation
in Science, Technology and Innovation, National Key R&D Program (Contact
No.2018YFE0106100).
2021–2023Researchoninternationalstandardsandapplicationofzero-emission
smart building industrialization system, International Science and Technology
Cooperation Project, Housing and Urban-Rural Development (Contact
No.H20200014).
This is a practical book and a good introduction for researchers and students to
understandnumericalanalysisofurbanstructureanditsenvironmentimplication.
Qingdao,China WeijunGao
Kitakyushu,Japan
Marketing Text
This book provides new information to understand the relationship between urban
development and environmental change to the reader. How to create a sustainable
and livable urban environment and realize the sustainable development goals
(SDGs)oftheUnitedNations(UN)isoneofthebiggestchallengesinthiscentury,
even in the next centuries. The covered subject areas of this book aim at finding a
way to push SDGs forward by collecting the related knowledge between urban
development and its environmental implications. Specifically, the book focuses on
UN SDGs 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure), 11 (sustainable cities and
communities), and 13 (climate action). Regarding the SDGs 9, this book assesses
urban population mobility, urban ecosystem services, and green infrastructure to
address climate change in cities. Regarding the SDGs 11, this book explores the
sustainability of urban landscape change associated with urbanization based on a
multi-scale perspective. Regarding the SDGs 13, this book explores the issues
affecting the development of healthy cities in the context of climate change and
possiblewaystoaddressthem.
This book focuses on newer fields related to various forms of urbanization and
urbanclimate.Underdifferenturbanizationanddevelopmentscenarios,thecityand
built environment are facing new challenges and become a major concern. Better
understanding of related physical laws and sustainable technologies are badly
needed. This book is a good reference for urban planners, city officials, citizens
whoareconcernedaboutthecityenvironment,andpolicymakers,aswellasstudents
studyingurbanstructureandenvironment.
ix
Contents
TheoryandMethodofUrbanStructureandEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . 1
XiujuanHeandWeijunGao
PopulationMobilityandUrbanDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ZhenYang
SpatiotemporalQuantificationandIdentificationof
UrbanDevelopmentandItsCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
WeiChenandWangchongyuPeng
SustainabilityPerformanceofUrbanizationandItsEnvironment. . . . . 81
XueFang
QualitativeAssessmentofUrbanEcosystemServicesBasedonGIS. . . . 107
DongjieGuanandLileiZhou
VisualQualityEvaluationofUrbanLandscapeBasedonComputer
VisionTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
DongSun
ApplicationofMachineLearninginPredictionofUrbanHeatIsland. . . 171
RuiWang
Climate-SensitiveUrbanDesignforThermalComfort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
YanWang,YuanSu,andM.DonnyKoerniawan
UrbanStructureandItsEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
DianZhouandDuoXu
xi