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Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements Weijun Gao Editor Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements SeriesEditor Bharat Dahiya, College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Thammasat University, Bangkok,Thailand EditorialBoardMembers AndrewKirby,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,USA ErhardFriedberg,SciencesPo-Paris,France RanaP.B.Singh,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,India KongjianYu,PekingUniversity,Beijing,China MohamedElSioufi,MonashUniversity,Clayton,Australia TimCampbell,WoodrowWilsonCenter,USA YoshitsuguHayashi,ChubuUniversity,Kasugai,Japan XuemeiBai,AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia DagmarHaase,HumboldtUniversity,Germany BenC.Arimah,UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgram,Nairobi,Kenya IndexedbySCOPUS * * * ThisSeriesfocusesontheentire spectrumofhuman settlements –fromruralto urban,indifferentregionsoftheworld,withquestionssuchas:Whatfactorscause and guide the process of change in human settlements from rural to urban in character,fromhamletsandvillagestotowns,citiesandmegacities?Isthisprocess different across time and space, how and why? Is there a future for rural life? Is it possibleornottohaveindustrial developmentinruralsettlements,andhow? Why does ‘urban shrinkage’ occur? Are the rural areas urbanizing or is that urban areas are undergoing ‘ruralisation’ (in form of underserviced slums)? What are the challenges faced by ‘mega urban regions’, and how they can be/are being addressed? What drives economic dynamism in human settlements? Is the urban-based eco- nomicgrowthparadigmtheonlyanswertothequestforsustainabledevelopment,or is there an urgent need to balance between economic growth on one hand and ecosystem restoration and conservation on the other – for the future sustainability ofhumanhabitats?Howandwhatnewtechnologyishelpingtoachievesustainable development in human settlements? What sort of changes in the current planning, managementandgovernanceofhumansettlementsareneededtofacethechanging environmentincludingtheclimateandincreasingdisasterrisks?Whatistheunique- nessofthenew‘socio-cultural spaces’thatemergeinhumansettlements,andhow they change over time? As rural settlements become urban, are the new ‘urban spaces’resultinginthelossofrurallifeand‘socio-culturalspaces’?Whatisleading the preservation of rural ‘socio-cultural spaces’ within the urbanizing world, andhow?Whatistheemergingnatureoftherural-urbaninterface,andwhatfactors influence it? What are the emerging perspectives that help understand the human- environment-culture complex through the study of human settlements and the related ecosystems, and how do they transform our understanding of cultural landscapes and ‘waterscapes’ in the 21st Century? What else is and/or likely to be new vis-à-vis human settlements – now and in the future? The Series, therefore, welcomescontributionswithfreshcognitiveperspectivestounderstandthenewand emerging realities of the 21st Century human settlements. Such perspectives will include a multidisciplinary analysis, constituting of the demographic, spatio- economic, environmental, technological, and planning, management and gover- nancelenses. If you are interested in submitting a proposal for this series, please contact the SeriesEditor,orthePublishingEditor: Bharat Dahiya ([email protected]) or Loyola D'Silva (loyola. [email protected]) Weijun Gao Editor Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication Editor WeijunGao DepartmentofArchitecture,Facultyof EnvironmentalEngineering TheUniversityofKitakyushu Kitakyushu,Japan ISSN2198-2546 ISSN2198-2554 (electronic) Advancesin21stCenturyHumanSettlements ISBN978-981-19-6640-8 ISBN978-981-19-6641-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Theenvironmentinwhichhumanbeingshavebeenlivingisamaterial andimma- terialpropertythatalldifferentlivesownjointly.Toseekagoodstatusandqualityof an urban environment is the common wish of people. During the twenty-first century,itisourresponsibletasktoleavearichenvironmentforthenextgenerations withoutanyregret. With the urbanization of the world, the living environment has become worse withmanyproblemssuchasheatisland,airpollution,andalargeamountofenergy consumption.InJapan,environmentalstudieshavemainlyfocusedonhowtheway the urban environment should be because a large part of the population have been living in urban areas. Although urban areas have provided great convenience with regard to advanced social economics for people, urban areas also have put a considerable amount of load on the material recycle of the environment with the consumption ofresourcesand energy in order tokeep onthe economicprosperity. Nature in urban areas has been disappeared with concrete roads or buildings. Environment problems have been widely recognized since the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s when the Club of Rome published their famous report “Limits of Growth” and the oil shock attacked the world. Some counter- movementshavebeenseekingalternativewaystotrytoliveinabalancewithnature. Theconceptofecologicalplanning,therefore,hasbeenputforwardmainlysincethe 1960s. Environmental and ecological demands are strong in advanced countries, such as the United States and Japan. In the 1990s, many studies of ecological planning have been carried out in Japan to emphasize living together with nature, bydecreasingtheenvironmentalloadandcreatingtheamenityofurbanenvironment with high efficiency. One of those subjects is to mitigate the urban climate by introducingthegreenareaintotheurbanspaceandtoberearranged. Theurbanizationprocessisongoingworldwide.However,thecharacteristicsof city development in different regions are manifold. Most of the cities are growing fast,whileasmallnumberofcitiesarealsoshrinking.Inthosegrowingcities,some aredevelopingtowardsahigh-riseandcompactformandothersaredevelopingina scattered pattern. Cities in Asia are usually high-rise and compact with higher v vi Preface population density, which exerts impacts on our living environment with a larger intensity and is drawing more attention. Under different urbanization and development scenarios, cities are facing new challenges and becoming a major concern. Betterunderstandingonrelatedphysicallawsandsustainabletechnologiesisbadly needed. Creating a sustainable and livable urban environment and realizing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) is one of the biggestchallengesinthiscentury,eveninnextcenturies. MylaboratorystartedresearchontheurbanenvironmentinAsiaaround2004and sent out about 11 doctoral students in this field. This book contains the latest achievements ofitscoremembers, withProfessorYanWangofTianjinChengjian University and Prof. Dian Zhou of Xi’an Jiaotong University. This book is an attempttoanalyzetherelationshipbetweentheurbanstructureanditsenvironment. Thecontentsofthisbookincludepopulationmobilityandurbandevelopment,land usewithurbanexpansionandshrinkage,urbanizationandenvironmentalevaluation, urban evaluation analysis using GIS and AI, heat island prediction, climate design forurbanthermalandwalkingcomfort,andurbanstructureanditsenvironment. This book comprises the latest scientific technology in this field, compiled by thesedoctoralstudents,andsummarizestheexperiencesoftheeditorinthisfieldfor morethan20years. XingtianWANG:ResearchoncityenvironmentanditsplanninginChina,PhD in2007. Dongjie GUAN: Simulation and assessment of urban ecological environment basedongeographicinformationsystemandsystemdynamicsmodel,PhDin2009. KazuyukiWATARI:Evaluationandutilization oflanduseandpublictransport inKitakyushubyusinggeographicinformationsystem,PhDin2015. Mochamad Donny KOERNIAWAN: Effect of urban structure on thermal com- fortandwalkingcomfortinJakarta,PhDin2015. Jianan LIU: Evaluation and analysis of urban spatial structure around the train stationinKitakyushu,PhDin2016. Wei CHEN: Comprehensive evaluation and environmental effects of urbaniza- tionprocessinChina,PhDin2018. WangchongyuPENG:Comprehensiveassessmentofurbandevelopmentandits environmentalimplicationsbetweenChinaandJapan,PhDin2020. Rui WANG: Research on spatial downscale temperature prediction by using machinelearninganditsapplicationinurbanheatisland,PhDin2021. Xue FANG: Study on the sustainability performance of urbanization and its environmentamongmegalopolisesinChina,PhDin2021. DongSUN:Visualqualityevaluationofurbanlandscapebasedonimageanalysis inShenyang,China,PhDin2022. Yu CHEN: Comprehensive analysis of population-economy-space urbanization inthecounty-levelareasbeforeandafterWenchuanearthquake,PhDin2022. Duringthepast20years,WeijunGaoasaPrincipalInvestigator,hasreceiveda lotoffundsfromthegovernmentandprivatesectors,especially. 1999–2000 Investigative research on China’s urbanization and environmental problemsandtheirimpactonJapan,KajimaFoundation. Preface vii 2000–2001 Monitoring and modeling of the impact of growing Asian cities on theglobalenvironment,MitsubishiFoundation. 2011–2012Developmentofstrategiesforlow-carbonconstructioninthebuilding sector for the construction of environmental future cities and their application to Asiancities,ScienceandTechnologyJointResearchandDevelopmentGrantswith Asian Universities, Kitakyushu Foundation for the Advancement of Industry, Sci- enceandTechnology. 2014–2018SmartcitylearningprograminKitakyushuenvironmentalfuturecity, JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency. Thisbookalsohasbeensupportedbythefollowingfunds: 2019–2023 Key technology research and development, integration and demon- stration of coastal green city based on the deep integration of smart-environment- recycle,ShandongProvince. 2019–2023 Improvement of energy efficiency and health performance of build- ingsbasedonlifecyclecarbonreduction,KeyProjectsofInternationalCooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation, National Key R&D Program (Contact No.2018YFE0106100). 2021–2023Researchoninternationalstandardsandapplicationofzero-emission smart building industrialization system, International Science and Technology Cooperation Project, Housing and Urban-Rural Development (Contact No.H20200014). This is a practical book and a good introduction for researchers and students to understandnumericalanalysisofurbanstructureanditsenvironmentimplication. Qingdao,China WeijunGao Kitakyushu,Japan Marketing Text This book provides new information to understand the relationship between urban development and environmental change to the reader. How to create a sustainable and livable urban environment and realize the sustainable development goals (SDGs)oftheUnitedNations(UN)isoneofthebiggestchallengesinthiscentury, even in the next centuries. The covered subject areas of this book aim at finding a way to push SDGs forward by collecting the related knowledge between urban development and its environmental implications. Specifically, the book focuses on UN SDGs 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure), 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and 13 (climate action). Regarding the SDGs 9, this book assesses urban population mobility, urban ecosystem services, and green infrastructure to address climate change in cities. Regarding the SDGs 11, this book explores the sustainability of urban landscape change associated with urbanization based on a multi-scale perspective. Regarding the SDGs 13, this book explores the issues affecting the development of healthy cities in the context of climate change and possiblewaystoaddressthem. This book focuses on newer fields related to various forms of urbanization and urbanclimate.Underdifferenturbanizationanddevelopmentscenarios,thecityand built environment are facing new challenges and become a major concern. Better understanding of related physical laws and sustainable technologies are badly needed. This book is a good reference for urban planners, city officials, citizens whoareconcernedaboutthecityenvironment,andpolicymakers,aswellasstudents studyingurbanstructureandenvironment. ix Contents TheoryandMethodofUrbanStructureandEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . 1 XiujuanHeandWeijunGao PopulationMobilityandUrbanDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ZhenYang SpatiotemporalQuantificationandIdentificationof UrbanDevelopmentandItsCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 WeiChenandWangchongyuPeng SustainabilityPerformanceofUrbanizationandItsEnvironment. . . . . 81 XueFang QualitativeAssessmentofUrbanEcosystemServicesBasedonGIS. . . . 107 DongjieGuanandLileiZhou VisualQualityEvaluationofUrbanLandscapeBasedonComputer VisionTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 DongSun ApplicationofMachineLearninginPredictionofUrbanHeatIsland. . . 171 RuiWang Climate-SensitiveUrbanDesignforThermalComfort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 YanWang,YuanSu,andM.DonnyKoerniawan UrbanStructureandItsEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 DianZhouandDuoXu xi