Digital Agritechnology. Robotics and Systems for Agriculture and Livestock Production

290 Pages·2022·4.509 MB·English

by  Toby Mottram

Digital Agritechnology
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Digital Agritechnology
Robotics and Systems for
Agriculture and Livestock
Production
Edited by
Dr Toby Mottram FREng, FIAgrE
Douglas Bomford Trust Chair of Farm Mechanisation,
Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, United Kingdom
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This book is dedicated to Dr David Llywelyn Smith, an extraordinary
skilledengineer,myPhDtutor,lifelongfriendandChairmanofeCow.
He read the first draft of Chapter Six for me before his untimely
death in 2021.
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Contents
List ofcontributors.................................................................................xv
Aboutthe editor...................................................................................xvii
Foreword..............................................................................................xix
Preface................................................................................................xxi
CHAPTER 1 An introduction to digital agritechnology.................1
Toby Mottram
Background............................................................................1
First agricultural revolution(1700 onwards).............................1
Second agricultural revolution(1914e1980s)...........................2
Third agricultural revolution (1920sepresent)...........................3
Fourth agricultural revolution(1970s onwards).........................3
Basic technologies for digitalagritechnology................................4
Microchips.........................................................................4
Electronic identification (EID orRFID)...................................5
Silicon sensors....................................................................5
Global positioning systems....................................................5
Meteorological information...................................................5
Digital imaging...................................................................6
Communications systems......................................................6
Internet protocols.................................................................6
Databases...........................................................................6
Howthis bookis organised.......................................................7
References..............................................................................9
CHAPTER 2 From data to information........................................11
PaulLynham
Introduction...........................................................................11
The future.............................................................................12
Whydata?.............................................................................13
Data in context.......................................................................14
DIKW model.....................................................................14
Applications......................................................................15
Data representation.................................................................16
Data encoding........................................................................17
Number bases........................................................................18
Characterencoding.................................................................18
Data types.............................................................................19
Primitiveor simple data types...............................................20
vii
viii Contents
Complexorcomposite data types..........................................23
Datavalidationand verification.................................................26
Data operations......................................................................28
Data processing......................................................................28
Data storage...........................................................................28
Devices.............................................................................29
Theinternet ofthings..........................................................29
Thecloudand data centres...................................................30
Files-based systems.............................................................30
Databases..........................................................................31
Enterprise service bus..........................................................32
Data compression...............................................................32
Data transmission...................................................................33
Theinternet.......................................................................33
Theworldwideweb............................................................34
Services............................................................................35
Application programminginterface........................................35
Data formats andmessaging.................................................36
Rendering..............................................................................36
Transformations..................................................................37
Web scraping.....................................................................37
Datavisualisation...............................................................38
Data classification...................................................................39
Data management...................................................................40
Security................................................................................41
Attackers...........................................................................41
Threat modelling................................................................41
CIA triad...........................................................................41
Regulation.........................................................................43
Politics.............................................................................43
Data trends............................................................................43
Challenges.............................................................................44
References.............................................................................45
CHAPTER 3 ISOBUS e standards and uses for data from farm
machinery.............................................................49
Norbert Schlingmann
Introduction...........................................................................49
Short history ofISOBUS.........................................................49
ISO 11783based onCAN bus..............................................50
Components and network.........................................................52
Contents ix
ISOBUS system overview....................................................52
Connectors........................................................................52
ISOBUS functionalities............................................................54
UniversalTerminal (UT)......................................................55
Auxiliary Controls (AUX-O and AUX-N)...............................55
Task Controller (TC)...........................................................56
Tractor ECU (TECU)..........................................................56
Tractor ImplementManagement (TIM)..................................57
ISOBUS Shortcut button (ISB).................................................57
File Server(FS)......................................................................59
Compatibility between ISOBUS systems....................................59
Conformance Testing and Certification toguarantee
compatibility......................................................................59
AEF recognised test laboratories...............................................60
AEF ISOBUS Database...........................................................60
AEF Plugfest.........................................................................62
Future developmentson ISOBUS..............................................63
High-Speed ISOBUS (HSI) includingfuture network
architecture........................................................................63
WirelessIn-field communication (WIC)..................................64
Connectivity between platforms............................................66
CHAPTER 4 Field robotics for harvesting...................................69
Josie Hughes, Fumiya LidaandSimon Andrew Birrell
Introduction...........................................................................69
Field robotics for harvesting.................................................69
Achieving impact:faster,cheaper and safer harvesting..............71
The reality of harvesting..........................................................72
Challenges.........................................................................72
Current state ofthe art.............................................................73
Mechanisms andmanipulation..............................................74
Vision andlearning.............................................................75
Field tests and measuring success..........................................79
Translation from researchto commercialisation...........................80
Case studies...........................................................................82
Vegebot:iceberglettuce harvesting........................................82
The future.............................................................................86
Future technologies.............................................................86
New approaches toharvesting...............................................87
Acknowledgements.................................................................89
References.............................................................................89