Differences in milk production and in age at first calving among Indian and crossbred dairy cattle in India

147 Pages·05.661 MB·English

by  Tandon, Oudh Behari

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Oa&h Behari Tandon
A Dissertation Submitted to the
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She Sequirements for the Degree of
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Major Subjects: Animal Breeding
Genetics
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Dean of Graduate College
Iowa State College
1951
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UMI Number: DP13502
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ii
TABLE OP CGHTEiJTS
Page
IBSHC5J&C2IGS................................................................................... 1
B37IEW OF LI33HA5Q23 ........................................... 7
Adaptability of the Grosshreds , ............................. S
Age at First Calving............... 10
Milk Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iee=-.-e 11
Factors Affecting the Milk Production of Crossbreds.... IS
Season............................ IS
Age lidien the records were Bade .......... 19
Other characters of importance in dairy c a ttle .... 23
Value of Breeds for Crossbreeding 25
Opt imam Proportion of European Blood ........... 27
SOURCE OF MATERIAL ......................................................................... 2S
STATISTICAL METHODS OF A1A1YSIS..................... 3*f
Estimation of the Effects .................................. 35
Testing of Hypotheses ............... . . . ........... '40b
Short Cut Method of Estimating Reductions ........... *t-S
Models Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...a .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Grouping of the D ata................................................................... 57
THE PSESEST IS73STIC-ATI0M............................................. 66
Age at F irst Calving .............. 66
Milk Production per Lactation ................. 7^
T 1 0 1 0 6
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iii
Page
Dry period ............ 92
Length of lactation period.............................. 100
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................ 10h
SUMMART....................................................................................................... 130
LITERATURE CITED.................................................................................... 133
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......................... 137
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1
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ISHaODUCTION-
The cattle census of 19Ho revealed that India had 158 m illion
cattle. She cattle population for the whole vorld then was about
650 m illions. India alone contributed one fourth of that number.
There is no reason to think that relationship has changed in recent
years. The total cultivated area in India was approximately 260
m illion acres out of which only 10.5 m illion acres were in forage
crops (Sikka, 19&3). For each acre of land in forage crops there
are fifteen head of cattle in India. This means too many cattle
per acre of forage crops.
Wright estimated the average annual production of milk per cow
for the entire country to be 600 pounds while Olver found the average
production to be 9^3 pounds per lactation in seven cattle breeding
areas of India. Both of these estimates were made in 1937* 3n
19^8 Sikka reported the annual production per animal to be approxi­
mately 750 pounds. The average of a ll the cows, good and bad, beef
cows and scrub cows, as well as dairy cows, in the United States was
reported by Wright (1937) to be about five thousand pounds per year.
This indicates that the Indian cattle In India are poor producers
of milk as compared with European cattle in the United States. This
difference is obviously not all in the cattlej a part of it is due
to differences in management as well.
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-2-
At present the average daily consumption of milk and other dairy
products in India is equivalent to seven ounces of milk per capita.
Olver (1937) found that in the seven cattle rearing areas of India
forty-six per cent of the population consumed no milk. There is thus
a great need to increase total milk production of the country.
The maintenance requirement of poor producing cows forms a
larger fraction of their feed intake than does that part used for
the production of milk. Milk production is directly proportional
to the latter part. In India there is a large number of poor produc­
ing cows. The fraction of their total feed intake used for manufac­
turing milk is smaller than the fraction used for maintenance. In
order to increase the total milk production of the country the amount
of feed used for manufacturing milk w ill have to be increased without
increasing the total amount fed to cattle. The only way to accomplish
this is to decrease the number of cattle considerably to allow proper
feeding of the remainder. But the animals must have the inherent
ability to produce milk efficiently. The three most promising methods
of changing the genetic constitution of the cattle in India are as
follows:
1. Selection of the more desirable animals from the native strains.
2. Beplacement of a part or a ll of the existing animals by higher
producing cattle of the European breeds.
3. The production and development of a new strain by combining
the germ plasm from the native and the European animals.
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