Table Of Content

Page 1 Diets and Dieting A Cultural Encyclopedia 14:27:24:10:07 Page 1 Page 2 14:27:24:10:07 Page 2 Page 3 Diets and Dieting A Cultural Encyclopedia Sander L. Gilman 14:27:24:10:07 Page 3 Page 4 First published 2008 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2008 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gilman, Sander L. Diets and dieting : a cultural encyclopedia / Sander L. Gilman. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN–13: 978–0–415–97420–2 (hardback) ISBN–10: 0–415–97420–8 (hardback) 1. Diets—History—Encyclopedias. 2. Dieting—History—Encyclopedias. 3. Diet therapy—History—Encyclopedias. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Diet Therapy—history—Encyclopedias—English. 2. Diet—history—Encyclopedias—English. 3. Famous Persons—Encyclopedias—English. 4. History, Modern 1601—Encyclopedias—English. 5. Nutrition Disorders—diet therapy— Encyclopedias—English. 6. Nutrition Disorders—history—Encyclopedias—English. WB 13 G487d 2008] RM214.5.G55 2008 613.2′503—dc22 2007027896 ISBN 0-203-93550-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–97420–8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–203–93550–0 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–97420–2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–93550–7 (ebk) 14:27:24:10:07 Page 4 Page 5 CONTENTS List of Entries vii Introduction ix Entries A–Z 1–289 Supplemental Resources 291 Index 295 v 14:27:24:10:07 Page 5 Page 6 14:27:24:10:07 Page 6 Page 7 LIST OF ENTRIES Aboulia Craig, Jenny and Sid Advertising Davis, Adelle Alternative Medicine Detoxification Anorexia Developing World Atkins, Robert Diana, Princess of Wales Atlas, Charles Disability Atwater, Wilbur Olin Dublin, Louis Banting, William Eating Competitions Bariatic Surgery Electrotherapy Barr, Roseanne Elisabeth von Wittelsbach, Empress Beaumont, William of Austria Beecher, Catharine Emaciated Body Images in the Behavior Media Benedict, Francis Gano Enlightenment Dietetics Binge-Eating Fashion Blood-Type Diet Fast Food Bodybuilding Fat Assessment in Adults Brillat-Savarin, Jean-Anthelme Fat Camps Bruch, Hilde Fat-Positive Bulik, Cynthia Fat Tax Butz, Earl Fletcher, Horace Byron, George Gordon Flockhart, Calista Cabbage Soup Diet Fogle, Jared Callas, Maria Fonda, Jane Calorie Food Choice Cannon, William Bradford Food Pyramid Carpenter, Karen Franklin, Benjamin Celebrities Friedman, Jeffrey Cheyne, George Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Children Genetics China in the Early Twentieth Globalization Century Gold, Tracy China Today Graham, Sylvester Chittenden, Russell Henry Greek Medicine and Dieting Christianity Grunberger, George Cornaro, Luigi Gull, William vii 14:27:24:10:07 Page 7 Page 8 viii list of entries Hauser, Gayelord Old Age and Obesity Hay, William Ornish, Dean Homeostasis Paleolithic Diet Hopkins, Frederick Gowland Peters, Lulu Hunt Hormone Pets Hormones Used in Dieting Phytochemicals Hornby, Lesley (Twiggy) Post, C.W. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Pregnancy Imes-Jackson, Mo’Nique Pritikin, Nathan Infectobesity Processed Foods Internet Professionalization of Dieting Israeli, Isaac ben Salomon Psychotherapy and Weight Change Jews Religion and Dieting Johnson, Samuel Risks Associated with Dieting Kellogg, John Harvey Roman Medicine and Dieting Kneipp, Sebastian Russell, Lillian LaLanne, Jack Scales and Public Weighing Lambert, Daniel Schwarzenegger, Arnold Leibel, Rudolph Self-Help Lessius, Leonard Sex Lindlahr, Henry Sexual Orientation Linn, Robert Sigler, Jamie Lynn Literature and Fat Bodies Simmons, Richard Low-Fat and Fat-Free Foods Sinclair, Upton Luther, Martin Smoking Macfadden, Bernarr Socioeconomic Status McGraw, Phil (Dr. Phil) Southern Fat Manheim, Camryn Sports Marcé, Louis-Victor Spurlock, Morgan Mazel, Judy Stress Media Sugar Busters Medical Use of Dieting Sweeteners Medieval Diets Taft, William Howard Men Tarnower, Herman Metabolism Thomson, Samuel Metcalfe, William Trall, Russell Milk Van Helmont, Johannes Mitchell, S. Weir Vegetarianism Monroe, Marilyn Very-Low-Calorie Diets Morton, Richard Weight Gain Murray, George Wesley, John Natural Man White, Ellen G. Nidetch, Jean Wigmore, Ann Noorden, Carl von William the Conqueror Obesity Epidemic Winfrey, Oprah Obsessive Compulsive Disorders Zone Diet 14:27:24:10:07 Page 8 Page 9 INTRODUCTION Some Weighty Thoughts on Dieting and Epidemics I n July 2004, the then-American Health and Human logical therapy, surgery, or pharmaceuticals to control Services Secretary Tommy G. Thompson announced that (increase or decrease) body weight, strength, health, and/ Medicare was abandoning a long-held policy that said or shape. From the mid-nineteenth century to today, obesity was not a disease, opening the way for the Gov- medical specialists and lay practitioners have tried to ernment to pay for a whole range of possible treatments. claim too fat or too thin people (however defined) as Soon after Thompson’s decision, a cartoon by Dick their patients. Fat and thinness is truly in the eye of Locher of Tribune Media Services appeared. A portly lit- the beholder. Each age, culture, and tradition defines tle boy having read the newspaper with the headline unacceptable weight for itself: Yet, all do have a point “Obesity Now Considered a Disease” announces into beyond which excess or inadequate weight is unaccept- the telephone, “Hello, Principal’s office? This is Tommy able—unhealthy, ugly, or corrupt. Today, we call this Frobish ... I won’t be in school today, I got a disease.” “morbid obesity or anorexia,” and both are always seen We know what type of disease Tommy Frobish had. As as an issue of health. Thus, dieting today may also limit early as 1987, the media began to evoke the specter of a the intake of foods, such as salt or transfats, that are forthcoming epidemic of obesity: “Childhood obesity labeled unhealthy. is epidemic in the United States,” stated Dr. William H. Yet health, as we well know, is a code word for a posi- Dietz Jr. of New England Medical Center. The World tive range of qualities that any given society wishes to see Health Organization declared obesity the new “global in its citizens: From beauty to loyalty to responsibility to epidemic” in 1998. By 2004, headlines such as “Obesity fecundity (and the list marches on). Thus, today, the very Epidemic Raises Risk of Children Developing Diabetes” opposite illness, anorexia nervosa, it would seem, has grabbed (and continue to grab) the attention of readers. become what George Devereux in the 1950s called a pre- Scientists at the American Association for the Advance- scribed template for mental illness: “Don’t go crazy, but ment of Science annual meeting in February 2002 had if you do, do it this way.” Obesity has precisely the already warned the Government that obesity was now opposite quality. The morbidly obese do not figure in a “global epidemic”—no longer confined to Western, society as a socially acceptable form of mental illness in industrialized societies. This reflected a growing consensus any way. The asymmetry between today’s image of obes- in the 1990s that obesity (not smoking) was going to be ity and of anorexia points to the complex meanings given the major public health issue of the new millennium. to weight and body shape over history. All of these Parallel to the seemingly unstoppable spread of this impact and are impacted by the culture of diet and dieting new epidemic was the development of new, radical cures: in which individuals find themselves. Would it be surgical (stomach stapling), genetic (the “ob From the 1860s, it was the diet culture that dominated [esity]-gene”) or would it be the old, tried and true the market even as biomedical science developed tools “cure” of dieting? In the twenty-first century, dieting has to understand the biochemical nature of metabolism, come to mean the control of the intake of nutrients and endrocrinological imbalance, and, more recently, genet- the use of parallel interventions such as exercise, psycho- ics. Dieting was the tool of the physician, but it was also ix 14:27:24:10:07 Page 9