Dictionary of energy PDF
Preview Dictionary of energy
Editorial Board ROBERT U. AYRES INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria GERALD DOUCET Secretary General, World Energy Council, London, United Kingdom ALEXANDER E. FARRELL† University of California, Berkeley, California, USA JOSÉ GOLDEMBERG University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Sustainable Energy Institute, Washington, DC, USA D.Y. GOSWAMI Clean Energy Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA AMY MYERS JAFFE Executive Director of Energy and Sustainability, University of California, Davis, USA THOMAS B. JOHANSSON Lund University, Lund, Sweden DONALD L. KLASS Entech International, Inc., Barrington, Illinois, USA JOSEPH R. PRIEST† Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA MICHAEL A. TOMAN The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA VACLAV SMIL University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ERNST WORRELL Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands †Deceased Second Edition Editors-in-Chief Cutler J. Cleveland Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Christopher Morris Lexicographer, Morris Books, Escondido, California, United States of America Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First Edition 2006 Expanded Edition 2009 Second Edition Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or m ethods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ ISBN: 978-0-08-096811-7 Illustration Credits acid rain: Jodi Baglien Sparkes/Dreamstime; air biplane: British Information Services; block pollution: Litton Industries; albedo: National Re- cutting: U.S. Forest Service; boom town: Neo- sources Conservation Service; American wind- nriver Photos/Dreamstime; Von Braun: IBM Cor- mill: Shane Link/Dreamstime; animal power: poration; Brunel Bridge: Chris Lofty/Dreamstime; René Paul Gosselin/Dreamstime; aqueduct: Ron bucky ball: Owen Thomas/Dreamstime; caldera: Chappple/Dreamstime; Arctic National Wild- Thoron Photos/Dreamstime; caravel: The Mariners life Refuge: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; as- Museum; carbon nanotube: NASA/Lance Delzeit; sembly line: Ford Motor Company; astrolabe: CERN: Daniel Turbasa/Dreamstime; Chernobyl: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Athabasca: David Maksym Dragunov/Dreamstime; CitiCar: Ananth- Webb/Dreamstime; atomic bomb: U.S. Army; krish/Dreamstime; coal face: University of Califor- autotroph: Illustration by Sharron O’Neill; Bab- nia, Riverside; cold-rolling: HBJ Photo; company bage: The Mansell Collection, London; Bell: town: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; con- AT&T; Bernard: National Library of Medicine; trolled burning: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service; con- biocontrol: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture/Scott Bauer; verter: Pennsylvania State Museum; Copernicus: biofuel: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; American Museum of Natural H istory; (Credits continued on p.677) Table of Contents Editors-in-Chief vi Subject Areas of the Dictionary vii Special Essays viii Preface to the Dictionary xii Preface to the First Edition xiv Introduction to the Use of the Dictionary xvi Common Abbreviations in Energy Usage xix Dictionary of Energy A–Z 1–662 Notable Quotes on Energy 663 Illustration Credits 679 Editors-in-Chief Cutler J. Cleveland is Professor of Earth and Environment at Boston University, where he also is on the faculty of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. He is a Senior Fellow at the National Council for Science and the Environment in Washington D.C., where he serves on the Executive Board of the Council of Energy Research and Education Leaders (CEREL). Professor Cleveland also serves as Chief Education Officer at Trunity, Inc., a leading global provider of digital textbooks and eLearning solutions which is based in Portsmouth, NH. In addition to this Dictionary of Energy, Professor Cleveland is the author or editor of other acclaimed works on energy and environment, including the Encyclopedia of Energy, the Concise Encyclopedia of the History of Energy, the Handbook of Energy, and Energy and Climate Change: A Primer. He is co-author of Environmental Science, the web's first entirely electronic introductory textbook on the subject, and is also the founding Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth, named the Best Geoscience Website by the Geoscience Information Society. Dr. Cleveland is the recipient of the Adelman-Frankel Award from the United States Association of Energy Economics for “unique and innova- tive contributions to the field of energy economics.” He has received various other awards for his work from organizations such as the American Library Association, International Association of Energy Economics, and National Wildlife Federation, and his findings have been published in such prestigious journals as Nature, Science, Ecological Modeling, Energy, The Energy Journal, The Annual Review of Energy, Resource and Energy Economics, and Ecological Economics. His research on the valuation of ecosystem services, funded by the National Science Foundation, is highlighted in NSF’s Top Discoveries series. Professor Cleveland has been a consultant to numerous private and public organizations, including the Asian Development Bank, United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Charles River Associates. Christopher Morris is owner of Morris Books, which he founded in 2004 to develop con- tent for various publishers of academic and educational books. During his decades-long career as a professional lexicographer, he has edited thirty different dictionaries covering both general vocabulary and a variety of specific subjects. He is Editor-in-Chief of the award-winning Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology, which provides the largest resource of scientific terms yet complied and features special essays by 120 emi- nent scientists, including nine Nobel laureates. During his tenure as Director of Reference Books for Academic Press USA, his group developed scholarly encyclopedias that won more than twenty major publishing awards, including American Library Association Outstanding References, Choice Magazine Outstanding Academic Books, and Library Journal Best Reference Sources. He also served as chief editor of the Macmillan school dictionary series, which includes several of the largest-selling educational dictionaries in publishing history. In addition to his work on dictionaries and encyclopedias, he has also been a textbook author and editor and has written many scientific glossaries on diverse topics such as biodiversity, ecology, endocrinology, marine mammology, microbiology, oncology, reproductive biology, and toxicology. Cutler Cleveland and Christopher Morris have previously collaborated on other Elsevier works on the subject of energy, namely the Encyclopedia of Energy (2004), Dictionary of Energy (First Edition, 2006, Expanded Edition 2009), and Handbook of Energy (Volume One 2013, Volume Two 2014). Subject Areas of the Dictionary Biographies Hydropower Biological Energetics Lighting Biomass Materials Chemistry Measurement Climate Change Mining Coal Nuclear Communication Oil and Gas Consumption and Efficiency Organizations Conversion Photovoltaic Earth Science Physics Ecology Policy Economics and Business Refrigeration Electricity Renewable/Alternative Forms Environment Social Issues Geothermal Solar Global Issues Storage Health and Safety Sustainable Development History Thermodynamics HVAC (heating/ventilation/ air conditioning) Transportation Hydrogen Wind Special Essays on Important Energy Terms acid rain (p. 5) carbon sequestration (p. 93) Eugene Likens Howard Herzog Institute of Ecosystem Studies, USA Massachusetts Institute of agriculture (p. 13) Technology, USA David Pimentel climate change (p. 110) Cornell University, USA L. Danny Harvey alternative fuel (p. 20) University of Toronto, Canada Danilo J. Santini coal (p. 113) Argonne National Laboratory, USA Mildred B. Perry battery (p. 47) National Energy Technology Elton J. Cairns Laboratory, USA University of California, Berkeley, USA combustion (p. 120) biomass (p. 58) Chenn Q. Zhou Donald L. Klass Purdue University, Biomass Energy Research Association, Calumet, USA USA conservation of energy (p. 127) blackout (p. 62) Raghuveer Parthasarathy Stephen Connors University of Oregon Massachusetts Institute of Technology, DDT (p. 149) USA Cutler Cleveland boiler (p. 66) Boston University, USA W. Randall Rawson American Boiler Manufacturers distributed energy (p. 166) Association, USA Neil D. Strachan Pew Center on Global Climate bomb calorimeter (p. 67) Change, USA Lisardo Núñez Regueira Universidade de Santiago de ecological energetics (p. 179) Compostela, Spain Charles A. S. Hall boom and bust (p. 68) State University of New York, Syracuse, USA Roger M. Olien University of Texas of the Permian ecological footprint (p. 179) Basin, USA Mathis Wackernagel bubble (p. 76) Global Footprint Network, USA Christopher Morris elasticity (p. 185) Escondido, California, USA Tom Tietenberg Calvin cycle (p. 84) Colby College, USA Joyce Diwan emergy (p. 192) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Mark T. Brown cap and trade (p. 86) University of Florida, USA Carolyn Fischer Sergio Ulgiati Resources for the Future, USA University of Siena, Italy carbon (p. 88) endotherm (p. 195) Cutler Cleveland Thomas H. Kunz Boston University, USA Boston University, USA carbon footprint (p. 91) energy (concept of) (p. 196) Christopher Morris Joseph Priest Escondido, California, USA Miami University of Ohio, USA Special Essays ix energy conservation (p. 197) green certificate (p. 267) William Chandler Ian H. Rowlands Pacific Northwest National University of Waterloo, Canada Laboratory, USA greenhouse gas (p. 268) energy-GDP ratio (p. 199) Gregg Marland David Stern Oak Ridge National Rensselaer Polytechnic Laboratory, USA Institute, USA heat (p. 278) energy transitions (p. 202) Fred L. Wilson Arnulf Grubler Rochester Institute of International Institute for Applied Technology, USA Systems Analysis, Austria horsepower (p. 289) entropy (p. 204) Cutler Cleveland Kozo Mayumi Boston University, USA University of Tokushima, Japan Hubbert curve (p. 292) environmental Kuznets curve (p. 206) Robert K. Kaufmann Amy Richmond Boston University, USA Boston University, USA hydrogen (p. 297) exergy (p. 213) David Hart Göran Wall Imperial College, UK Mölndal, Sweden industrial ecology (p. 308) experience curve (p. 214) John R. Ehrenfeld Christine Woerlen International Society for Industrial Global Environment Facility, USA Ecology, USA fossil energy power plant (p. 235) Industrial Revolution (p. 309) János Beér Vaclav Smil Massachusetts Institute of University of Manitoba, Canada Technology, USA input-output analysis (p. 311) fracking (p. 236) Faye Duchin Christopher Morris Rensselaer Polytechnic Escondido, California, USA Institute, USA fuel cell (p. 241) internal-combustion engine (p. 315) Srikanth Gopalan Volker Sick Boston University, USA University of Michigan, USA fuel economy (p. 242) IPAT equation (p. 319) David L. Greene Marian Chertow Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Yale University, USA general circulation model (p. 253) Jevons paradox (p. 324) Ranga Myneni Horace Herring Boston University, USA The Open University, UK Ghawar (p. 258) Krebs cycle (p. 333) Abdullah M. Aitani Clarke Earley King Fahd University of Petroleum Kent State University, USA and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Kyoto Protocol (p. 334) Gibbs free energy (p. 258) Michael Grubb Scott C. Mohr The Carbon Trust and The University Boston University, USA of Cambridge, UK global warming (p. 261) levelized cost (p. 343) Martin Hoffert Edward S. Rubin New York University, USA Carnegie Mellon University, USA
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