Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity PDF
Preview Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity
Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institute Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Physical SCiences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo I Global Environment Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag I Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to about 50,000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via a CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German (©WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM contains the AGARD Aerospace Data base. The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. 3. High Technology - Volume 56 Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity edited by s. J0rgen N0rgârd Department of Buildings and Energy. Te chnical University of Denmark. Lyngby. Denmark Adam Gula University of Mining and Metallurgy and The Polish Foundation for Energy Efficiency. Krak6w. Poland and Anibal T. De Almeida Department of Electronical Engineering. University of Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity Lopuszna, Poland 17-21 June 1996 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-6139-1 ISBN 978-94-011-5092-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5092-7 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vii SUSTAINABLE USE OF ELECTRICITY Jorgen S. Norgard GLOBAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND TECHNOLOGIES 19 TO FURTHER ITS PROGRESS Arthur Rosenfeld, Allan Chen and Ashok Gadgil AN INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED RESSOURCE 49 PLANNING A. T. de Almeida, P. Fonseca and N. Saraiva POLISH EFFICIENT LIGHTING PROJECT -THE DSM 71 PILOT EXPERIMENT Adam Gula and Zbigniew Hanzelka, Marc R. Ledbetter and Robert G. Pratt EFFICIENT USE AND GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY 97 IN HUNGARY Gyorgy Sigmond ELECTRICITY SAVING POLICIES IN DENMARK 103 Annette Gydesen VI LIGHTING EFFICIENCY IN RUSSIA AND CIS 117 Julian B. Aizenberg ENERGY-EFFICIENT INFORMATION AND 127 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EUROPE Jacques Roturier and Alain Anglade ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOTOR AND DRIVES 155 Anibal T. de Almeida and Paula Fonseca LOW ELECTRICITY HOUSES -A REAL CASE: THE 187 PASSIVE HOUSE INDARMSTAD·KRANICHSTEIN Wolfgang Feist and Witta Ebel EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AT UNIVERSITIES 205 J. Roturier and P. Faucher LEAST-COST PLANNING ON ELECTRICITY 219 Stefan Thomas APPLIANCE ENERGY LABELLING AND STANDARDS IN 237 EUROPE Paul Waide EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY AND APPROPRIATE LIFE 287 STYLES JBrgen S. NBrgtird SUBJECT INDEX 301 PREFACE- In all European countries there is a substantial potential for saving electricity by implementing more efficient end-uses of the electricity. This can significantly reduce the environmental problems, which to a large extent are associated with the generation of electric power. While the saving potentials in Western Europe are in the order of magnitude of half the present electricity consumption, the potentials are even larger in countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, since electricity savings are often much cheaper than providing the power, the efficient end-use of electricity can playa vital role in the transition process of the Central and Eastern European countries, because more capital can then be devoted to other essential areas than building and operating power plants, such as education, infrastructure, health, or cleaning the environment. On this background, a workshop on development with sustainable use of electricity was conducted in June 1996 in Lopuszna, Poland, with most participants coming from the Central and Eastern Europe. The program included lectures, roundtable debates and informal discussions. After some overview lectures which placed the electricity savings in a larger perspective, a number of cases of end-use technologies were presented, including analyses as well as real life experiences. National cases presented the electrici.ty consumption situation and saving policies in Eastern and Western European countries. Barrieres to the required technological and structural changes were discussed as well as policies to overcome those barriers. The editors as well as the other two members of the Organizing Committee, Jacques Roturier and Arthur Rosenfeld, wish to acknowledge the financial support from the NA TO Scientific Affairs Division as the main sponsor, making this Advanced Research Workshop possible. The travel support given by the Commission of the European Communities was also most useful for attracting relevant participants, and is very much acknowledged. Several individuals have been involved in running the workshop as well as in editing this book with the main lectures of the workshop. We particularly acknowledge the dedicated contributions by Ela Gula, Jaquelin Cochran, Paula Fonseca, Gitte Nellemose, and Anna Levin-Jensen. vii viii The editors hope that the availability of the book will enable a wider audience to have access to the state of the art methodologies and technologies which can integrate the use of electricity in a sustainable development. The Editors J0rgen S. Nergard Adam Gula Anibal T. De Almeida April 1998 SUSTAINABLE USE OF ELECTRICITY J0RGEN S. N0RGARD Department ofB uildings and Energy Technical Univercity ofD enmark DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark 1. The Quest for a New Course In this frrst contribution to the workshop, I will try to provide a broader background for the topic, development with sustainable use of electricity. This topic reflects the necessity for a dramatic change in the course of technological and economical development as compared to the development dominating the last two centuries of industrialization in Europe. 1.1. EARLY WARNINGS So far the economic development has been dominated by a perception of the world blessed with unlimited options for extracting resources and depositing waste, as indicated in Figure 1, borrowed from Goodlandl. Today the human economy is often perceived as an omnipotent system which can develop on its own. In the real world, however, the economy is a subsystem of the ecological system and totally dependent on it. High-quality energy and raw materials are extracted from this ecological system and low-grade energy and other waste and pollution are emitted into it. As long as the man made economy was small relative to the ecological system as a whole, the assumption of the unlimited world might have seemed reasonable, although some pioneer economists like M. Stuart Mills and M. J. Keynes were foresighted enough, 150 and 70 years ago respectively, to warn that economic expansion should not and could not go on forever since this would pose a threat to both the quality of human lives and to the environmene·3,4. But very few listened to these visionary people, and most economists today are "brought up" with the idea of unlimited natural resources available for free as the foundation on which their education is built. And, as we all know, it is very difficult to change the foundation later on, when the building is fmished. As the economy grew, it occupied a larger and larger part of the ecological system, and today the above decribed view of unlimited resources no longer holds. Already, the present economic activities of the quarter of the world population living in S. NfR'gdrd et al. (eds.), Development with Sustai1lllb1e Use o/Electricity, 1·18. e 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2 the industrialized nations have exceeded the carrying capacity of the environment. Their development is not sustainable, so changes will come, either forced upon us by environmental catastrophes, or as a gentle and well-planned transition. Figure I. Qualitative illustration of the fact that the man-made economy is a subsystem of the global ecological system, from which the economy extracts energy and material resources, and into which the economy discharges waste. Symptoms of the fact that we are approaching or exceeding the limitations are appearing every day at an increasing rate. Ground water is being found polluted, forests and cultivated land are being turned into deserts, ozone layer is being depleted, etc. We will here focus on one global environmental threat, the approaching climatic changes caused by man-made emission of greenhouse gases, especially the CO -emission from 2 burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. It is important, however, to stress that COremission is only one out of a number of serious environmental problems, and that these problems are not just accidental incidents, caused by ignorant technological choices. Rather they are symptoms of a philosophy of development, which is basically unsustainable. The COr emission is presently in focus as an indicator of the environmental problems. Also, it just happens that this year it is one hundred years since the Swedish Nobel Prize winner in physics, Arrhenius, warned against the risk of climate changes because of the CO2- emission from burning fossil fuelss.
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