Development of reliability-based load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methods for piping : research and development report (LRFD) Methods for Piping (Crtd)

184 Pages·2007·14.342 MB·English

by  Prepared by the ASME Special Working Group

CRTD-86

Research and Development Report

Development of Reliability-Based Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) Methods for Piping

ASME Special Working Group on Probabilistic Methods in Design
Endorsed by ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Committees
ASME Research Committee on Risk Technology

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Research and Development Report

Development of Reliability-Based Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) Methods for Piping

Prepared by
ASME Research Task Force on Development of
Reliability-Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Methods for Piping
1828 L St. NW Suite 906, Washington, DC 20036

Prepared for
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
International Institute of Universality, Tokyo, Japan

A S M E

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© 2007 by ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)

ISBN 10: 0-7918-0262-0, ISBN 13: 978-0-7918-0262-5

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Disclaimer

This research report was prepared as an account of work performed by the ASME Research Task
Force on Development of Reliability-Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Methods
for Piping through the facilitation of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (The
Society) Center for Research and Technology Development, and for the sponsoring governmental
agencies and companies.

Neither the Society nor the Sponsors, nor the subcontractors, nor any others involved in the
preparation or review of this report nor any of their respective employees, members, or persons
acting on their behalf, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assume any legal liability or
responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
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owned rights.

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the Society, the Sponsors, or others involved in the preparation
or review of this report, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the authors,
contributors, and reviewers of the report expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those
of the Society, the Sponsors, the Sponsorees, financial contributors or others involved in the
preparation or review of this report, or any agency thereof.
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Summary

This research report develops a technical basis for reliability-based load and resistance factor
design (LRFD) methods for piping. This document is the work product of the ASME Task Force
and Steering Committee on the development of technical basis for reliability-based LRFD
methods for piping.

This report provides the technical basis for reliability-based load and resistance factor design
(LRFD) methods for piping, more specifically for Class 2/3 piping for primary loading that
include pressure, deadweight, seismic and accidental loading. The outcomes of the project
include design models and equations, and partial safety factors that can be used to compose
LRFD guidelines and criteria. It provides a proof of concept of the LRFD for the design of
piping. Such design methods should lead to consistent reliability levels. The LRFD guidelines
and criteria can initially be used in parallel with currently used procedures.

The report provides results based on the following tasks: (1) a state-of-the-art assessment and
selection of reliability theories, (2) review and evaluation of existing strength models for piping,
(3) selection of strength models and equations that deemed suitable for LRFD development,
(4) preliminay analysis of basic random variables to characterize their uncertainties, and (5)
development of LRFD guidelines and criteria.

The report consists of seven chapters and two appendices. Chapter 1 consists of the introduction
and an objective statement. Chapter 2 provides the needed theoretical background for
performing reliability-based design and analysis. Chapter 3 gives a summary of the design loads,
such as weight, internal pressure, occasional and accidental dynamic loads (e.g., seismic), and
also provides a summary of recommended load combinations for this study. Failure modes and
limit states for piping systems are provided in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 provides statistical
information on basic random variables that are relevant to piping. Chapter 6 calculates the bias
of models used for the calculation of the hoop stress and bending moments of pipes. Chapter 7
provides the calculation of the partial load and resistance factors and Chapter 8 recommendations
for future work. Appendix A summarizes some of the limit states that are contained in the
current ASME code and Appendix B shows the steel that is used for the production of pipes.

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Task Force Organization

The task force includes the following members, associates and assistants:

Chair
Professor Bilal M. Ayyub, PhD, PE, Center for Technology and Systems Management,
University of Maryland, College Park, USA, [email protected], 301-405-1956

Members
Dr. Abinav Gupta, North Carolina State University
Dr. Nitin Shah, Dominion - Virginia Power
Mr. Philip Kotwicki, Westinghouse Electric Company LLC

Associates
Dr. Ibrahim Assakkaf, Center for Technology and Systems Management, University of
Maryland, College Park
Ms. Kleio Avrithi, Center for Technology and Systems Management, University of Maryland,
College Park

Steering Committee

The steering committee includes the following members:

Chair
Mr. Ralph S. Hill, Westinghouse Electric Company LLC

Members
Dr. Syed Ali, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Mr. Kenneth Balkey, Westinghouse Electric Company LLC
Dr. David Harris, Engineering Mechanics Technology, Inc.
Mr. Gene Imbro, Chief ME & CE Branch, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, NRC.
Mr. John C. Minichiello, Framatome ANP DE&S
Dr. Kenzo Miya, International Institute of Universality, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. John D. Stevenson, Consultant for DOE, Defense Nuclear Facility Safety Board
Mr. James Todd Conner, Exelon Corporation
Mr. Edward A. Wais, Wais and Associates, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
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Peer Reviews
The peer reviews were performed by the following individuals and committee members:

Mr. Owen F. Hedden, Representative of Dr. Kenzo Miya, International Institute of Universality,
Tokyo, Japan
ASME Working Group on Probabilistic Methods in Design (SG-D)(SCIII)
ASME Working Group on Piping

Acknowledgements

The financial support of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the International Institute of
Universality of Japan and the guidance of the Steering Committee, and the comments provided
by ASME committees and working groups, particularly the championship and encouragement of
Mr. Richard W. Barnes, ANRIC Enterprises, Chairman of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Codes and Standards, Subcommittee Nuclear Power, are greatly appreciated.

Project Administration

The project administration includes the following member:

Dr. Michael Tinkleman, Director of Research, American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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Table of Contents
Disclaimer......................................................................................................................................iv
Summary.........................................................................................................................................v
Task Force Organization................................................................................................................vi
Steering Committee.......................................................................................................................vi
Peer Reviews..................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................vii
Project Administration..................................................................................................................vii
Notations .......................................................................................................................................xii
Symbols .......................................................................................................................................xiv
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................1
1.2. History of Reliability-based Design.................................................................................2
1.3. Benefits of Reliability-based Design................................................................................3
1.4. Challenges in Developing Load and Resistance Factor Design for Piping......................4
1.5. Piping Pilot Project...........................................................................................................5
1.6. Objectives.........................................................................................................................5
1.7. Organization......................................................................................................................6
2. Reliability-Based Design and Analysis.....................................................................................8
2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................8
2.2. Direct Reliability-Based Design.....................................................................................10
2.3. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)..................................................................11
2.4. Performance Functions...................................................................................................11
2.5. First-Order Reliability Method (FORM)........................................................................13
2.5.1. Algorithm for First-Order Reliability Method....................................................16
2.5.2. Procedure for Calculating Partial Safety Factors (PSF) Using FORM..............18
2.5.3. Determination of a Strength Factor for a Given Set of Load Factors.................18
2.6. Examples.........................................................................................................................19
2.6.1. Example I............................................................................................................19
2.6.2. Example II...........................................................................................................21
2.6.3. Example III.........................................................................................................22
2.6.4. Example IV.........................................................................................................24
3. Loads and Load Combinations................................................................................................26
3.1. Primary Loads.................................................................................................................26
3.1.1. Dead Weight.......................................................................................................27
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3.1.2. Internal Pressure.................................................................................................27
3.1.3. Seismic Loading..................................................................................................28
3.1.4. Nonreversing Dynamic Loads............................................................................29
3.2. Load Combinations in Non-ASME Structural Codes.....................................................30
3.2.1. American Institute for Steel Construction Code.................................................30
3.2.2. American Society of Civil Engineers Code........................................................31
3.2.3. American Petroleum Institute Code....................................................................32
3.2.4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Bridge Design Specifications..............................................................................32
3.2.5. Eurocode 1990....................................................................................................33
3.3. Load Combinations for Components of Nuclear Plant...................................................34
3.4. Recommended Load Combinations for Piping...............................................................36
4. Failure Modes and Limit States for Piping..............................................................................37
4.1. Failure Criterion..............................................................................................................37
4.2. Performance Criterion.....................................................................................................39
4.2.1. Limit-Load Capacity...........................................................................................39
4.2.2. Plastic-Instability Collapse Load Using Elastic Slope.......................................41
4.2.3. Plastic-Instability Collapse Load Using Elastic Deformation............................41
4.2.4. Plastic Instability: Ultimate Moment Definition of Collapse Load....................42
4.3. Existing Code Equations.................................................................................................42
4.3.1. Design Condition................................................................................................43
4.3.2. Operating Condition (Service Level A)..............................................................44
4.3.3. Upset Loading Condition (Service Level B)......................................................44
4.3.4. Emergency Loading Condition (Service Level C).............................................45
4.3.5. Faulted Loading Condition (Service Level D)...................................................46
4.4. Performance Functions...................................................................................................46
4.5. Load Combinations for Piping........................................................................................49
4.5.1. Design Condition................................................................................................49
4.5.2. Operating Condition...........................................................................................49
4.5.3. Upset Loading Condition....................................................................................49
4.5.4. Emergency Loading Condition...........................................................................50
4.5.5. Faulted Loading Condition.................................................................................50
5. Basic Random Variables for Piping.........................................................................................52
5.1. Statistical Characteristics of Random Variables.............................................................52
5.2. Strength Variables...........................................................................................................52
5.2.1. Material Properties..............................................................................................52
5.2.1.1. Material Types for Piping....................................................................52
5.2.1.2. Yield Strength of Steel for Nuclear Piping..........................................53
5.2.1.3. Ultimate Strength of Steel for Nuclear Piping.....................................56
5.2.2. Geometric Properties..........................................................................................59
5.2.2.1. Pipe Diameter.......................................................................................59
5.2.2.2. Pipe Thickness.....................................................................................60
5.2.2.3. Diameter-to-Thickness Ratio...............................................................61
5.2.2.4. Summary..............................................................................................61
5.3. Load variables.................................................................................................................62
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5.3.1. Fluid Pressure in Piping......................................................................................62
5.3.1.1. Operating and Design Pressure............................................................62
5.3.1.2. Peak Pressure.......................................................................................63
5.3.1.3. Testing Pressure...................................................................................63
5.3.1.4. Accidental Pressure..............................................................................64
5.3.2. Gravity Loads.....................................................................................................64
5.3.2.1. Dead Weight of Pipe............................................................................64
5.3.2.2. Dead Weight of Fittings and Components...........................................65
5.3.2.3. Insulation.............................................................................................65
5.3.2.4. Contents of Pipe...................................................................................66
5.3.3. Non-Reversing Mechanical Loads......................................................................66
5.3.4. Seismic Loads.....................................................................................................68
5.3.5. Summary.............................................................................................................74
6. Modeling Uncertainty..............................................................................................................75
6.1. Background.....................................................................................................................75
6.2. Hoop Stress.....................................................................................................................75
6.2.1. Lamé or Thick-Wall Theory...............................................................................76
6.2.2. Thin-Wall Theory...............................................................................................76
6.2.2.1. The Barlow Formula............................................................................76
6.2.2.2. The Boardman Equation or Modified Lamé........................................77
6.2.3. Other Models......................................................................................................78
6.2.4. Experimental Results..........................................................................................80
6.2.5. Observations and Recommendations..................................................................84
6.3. Bending Moments...........................................................................................................85
6.3.1. Pure Bending.......................................................................................................87
6.3.2. Bending with Internal Pressure...........................................................................88
7. Load and Resistance Factors....................................................................................................90
7.1. Calculation of Partial Safety Factors..............................................................................90
7.2. General Design Condition..............................................................................................91
7.2.1. Performance Function g .....................................................................................91
1
7.2.2. Performance Function g .....................................................................................93
2
7.2.3. Performance Function g .....................................................................................95
3
7.3. Operating Condition (Service Level A)..........................................................................98
7.3.1. Performance Function g .....................................................................................98
4
7.4. Upset Loading Condition (Service Level B)................................................................100
7.4.1. Performance Function g ...................................................................................100
5
7.4.2. Performance Function g ...................................................................................104
6
7.4.3. Performance Function g ...................................................................................109
7
7.5. Emergency Loading Condition (Service Level C).......................................................111
7.5.1. Performance Function g ...................................................................................111
8
7.5.2. Performance Function g ...................................................................................111
9
7.5.3. Performance Function g .................................................................................115
10
7.5.4. Performance Function g .................................................................................115
11
7.5.5. Performance Function g .................................................................................115
12
7.6. Faulted Loading Condition (Service Level D).............................................................115
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