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.... ALSO BY AMARTYA SEN CollecCthiovieac ned S ociWaell fare On EconomIince quality EmploymeTnetc,h nolaongdDy e velopment PoveratnydF aminAensE :s saoyn EntitleamnedDn etp rivation ChoicWee,l faarnedM anagement ResourVcaelsu,ae nsdD evelopment CommoditainedCs a pabilities TheS tandarodfL iving OnE thiacnsdE conomics Hungearn dP ublic Action (wiJtehaD nr eze) InequaRleietyx amined IndiEac:o nomDiecv elopment aOnpdp oSrotcuinailt y (wiJtehaD nr eze) DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM AMARTYA SEN � ALFREAD.K NOPF New York 2000 THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. Copyrigh19t9©9 b yA martSyean Alrli ghrtess veeudn deIrn ternatainodPn aanl- American � CopyriCgohntv entiPounbsl.i sihnte hdUe n itSetda tes by AlfrAe.dK nopfI,n cN.e,w Y orka,n ds imultaneionu sly CanadbayR andom HooufCs aen adLai mitTeodr,o nto. DistribbuyRt aendd oHmo useI,n cN.e,w Y ork. www.randomhouse.com KnopBfo, rzBooio kasn,d t hceo lophaornre e gistered trademaorfRk asn doHmo useI,n c. TheN ewY orTki mes Grateafcukln owledgimsme andte to for permistsoir oenp rainne tx cerfprto "mB irCtohn trionCl h ina" (ThNee wY orTki mes, byP .T yler Jun2e5 ,1 995)c,o pyright © 1995b yt hNee wY orTki meCso .R eprinbtyep de rmission. LibraorfCy o ngreCsast aloging-in-DPautbal ication SenA,m artKyuam ar. I Developmaesfn rte edoAmm artSyean .-1esdt.. p em. . Inclubdiebsl iograrpehfiecraealnn cdie nsd ex. ISBN 705 --34 0619(-a0J pka.p er) I.E conomdiecv elopme2n.L ti.b ertIy.T. i tle. HD75.S45 159 99 330'.01-dC2I 99-31061 CIP Manufactiunrt ehdUe n itSetda toefAs m erica PublisSheepdt em1b8e,1r 9 99 ReprinTtweidc e FourPtrhi ntFienbgr,u a2r00y0 GraphbsyM arkS tein ----- . ··-· ·· To Emma CONTENTS LisotfI llustrations I. X Preface Xl. Acknowledgments XV IntroducDteivoenl:o pmaesn t Freedom 3 I TheP erspecotfFi rveee dom 1 3 2 TheE ndsa nd tMheea nosf D evelopment 35 3 Freedom tahnFed o undatioofJn uss tice 54 4 PoveratsyC apabiDleiptryi vation 87 MarketSst,a taen dS ociOaplp ortunity III 5 6 TheI mportaonfcD ee mocracy I46 7 Faminaensd O theCrr ises r6o 8 Women'Asg encayn dS ociCahla nge 18 9 PopulatFiooonda, n dF reedom 204 9 IO Cultua1·nedH umanR ights 227 II SociCahlo ice Iannddi viBdeuhaalv ior 24 9 12 IndiviFdrueaeld oas ma Social Commitment 282 Notes 299 Indebxy N ame 353 Indebxy S ubject 61 3 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGUREI .I VariatioMnasl eSi unr viRvaatle bsy Region 22 !.2 Variatiino nFse male SRuartvebisyvR aelg ion 23 2.! GNP perC api(tUa. SD.o llaarnsdL) i fe ExpectaantBc iyr t1h9,9 4 47 2.2 ImprovemeinnLt isfE ex pectainnEc nyg land andW ale1s9,0 I-I96o 50 2.3 Growtohf G DP( U.Ka.n)d D ecadIanlc reases inL ifEex pectaantBc iyr t(hE nglaanndd Wales1)9,0I -I96o 52 4·1 MortalRiattyRe a tioofsB lactkosW hites (Age3d5 -54)A,c tuaanld A djustfeodr FamiIlnyc ome 97 4·2 Female-Male iRnTa ottiaPolos p ulatiino n SelecCtoemdm unities !04 7·1 FoodG raiAnvsa liabiliinBt ayn gladesh, 1971-1975 r66 9·I FoodP ricienCs o nsta1n9t90 U .SD.o llars 208 TABLE 4.1 Indiaan dS ub-SahaArfarni ca: SelecCtoemdp aris(o1n9s9 1) roo 9.1 IndicoefFs o odP roductioHne apdbe yr Regi2o0n6s 9.2 FoodPr icienCs o nsta1n9t90 U .SD.o llars: 1950-195t2o1 995-1997 207 ------ -- ···

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Development as Freedom is a general exposition of the economic ideas and analyses of Amartya Sen, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Science. This brilliant and indispensable treatise compellingly analyzes the nature of contemporary economic development from the perspective of human freedom.