Development and Testing of an Apparatus for Digital Measurement of the Angle of Repose of ...

113 Pages·2012·4.4 MB·English

Development and Testing of an Apparatus
for Digital Measurement of the Angle of
Repose of Granular Materials

THESIS
Submitted
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

By
RITESH SUMAN
Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
Jabalpur (M.P.)
2013
CERTIFICATE – I
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Development and Testing of
an Apparatus for Digital Measurement of the Angle of Repose of
Granular Materials” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of “MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING” of the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur,
is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Ritesh Suman
under our guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been
approved by the Students Advisory Committee and the Director of Instruction.
No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other Degree or
Diploma (Certificate Awarded etc.) or has been published/published part has
been fully acknowledged. All the assistance and help received during the
course of investigation have been duly acknowledged by him.

Place: Jabalpur
Date:
Dr. Mohan Singh
Chairman of the Advisory Committee

THESIS APPROVED BY THE STUDENT’S ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman (Dr. Mohan Singh) ---------------------------

Member (Dr. A. K. Gupta) ---------------------------

Member (Prof. C. M. Abroal) ---------------------------

Member (Dr. A. K. Rai) ---------------------------
CERTIFICATE – II
This is to certify that the Thesis entitled “Development and testing of
an Apparatus for digital Measurement of the Angle of Repose of
Granular materials” submitted by Mr. Ritesh Suman to the Jawaharlal
Nehru KrishiVishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the Degree of the Master of Technology (Agriculture Engineering) in the
Department of Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering has been
approved by Student’s Advisory Committee and external examiner after an
oral examination on the same.

Place: Jabalpur
Date:

Dr. Mohan Singh
Chairman of the Advisory Committee

MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman (Dr. Mohan Singh) ………………..

Member (Dr. A. K. Gupta) ………………..

Member (Prof. C. M. Abroal) ………………..

Member (Dr. A. K. Rai) ……………….

Head of Department (Dr. T. K. Bhattacharya) ……………….

Director of Instruction (Dr. P. K. Mishra) ………………..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Prostration and adoration to the lotus feel of almighty God and my parents
for giving the opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have
extended help to make this study a success.
Acknowledgement with the grace of Almighty, I am able to carve another
milestone in my academic journey. It is a moment of great pleasure to put on record
my deep sense of indebtedness to my esteemed guide & Chairman respected Dr.
Mohan Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Post Harvest Process & Food
Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, JNKVV, Jabalpur for his valuable
guidance, constructive criticism and valuable suggestions, symphethetic attitude,
encouragement & help to paved the way to undertake this research project. His
corporation and encouragement was a constant source of inspiration and I was able
to pursue this research project with zeal and enthusiasm.
I express my deepest sense of reverence and indebtedness to the esteemed
members of my Advisory Committee, Dr. A. K. Gupta, Prof. C. M. Abroal and Dr. A. K.
Rai, Department of Post Harvest Process & Food Engineering, for their valuable
suggestions and encouragement at various stages of investigation and thesis writing.
I wish to thank to Dr. A. K. Rai Prof. and Head, Deptt. of Instrumentation,
College of Agricultural Engineering, Jabalpur for their expert opinion and valuable
suggestions during the project work.
I It gives me pleasure to my sincere gratitude to Dr. T. K. Bhattacharya Dean
& Head of Department of Post Harvest Process & Food Engineering, Dr. B. M.
Khandelwal and Dr. V. K. Tiwari , Dr. Ravi Agrawal, (Smt.) Prof. Sheela Pandey,
Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, CAE, JNKVV, Jabalpur.
For their help & moral encouragement during my course of study
I express sincere gratitude to Dr. V. S. Tomar, Vice Chancellor, J. N. Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, (M.P.), and Dr. P. K. Mishra, Director of Instructions, J.
N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, (M.P.) for providing necessary facilities to
carry out the study.
I am also thankful to Er. Vijay Singh Sharanagat who always appreciate me
and motivated to develop a positiveapproach inside me to achieve my goals and
teach me the lesson of life “look forward never settle”.
This is my privilege to express my seniors Er. DevishWakde ,Er. Rajeev
Ranjan, Er. Deepakand mybatchmates Er.Ajeet, Er. Arvind, Er. Bhagwansingh,
Er.Ashish ,Er. Rupeshand all lovely juniors & other friends for their time to time help
which was sufficient for completion of my work.
Thanks are due to Shri Nitin Mehta, Shri.,AmitShukla Shri. LalitDube, for
their assistance and co-operation from time to time throughout the period of this
research.
I cordially register an abysmal love to my father Shri. B. L. Suman, my mother
Smt. KailashBai and my elder brother Mahesh Suman whose immense love and
affection, constant inspiration made possible for me to see the light of day.
I also thank all those who could not find a separate name but have helped
directly or indirectly.
Place: Jabalpur
Date: RITESH SUMAN
List of Contents
S.
No. TITLE Page No.
1. Introduction 1-3
2. Review of Literature 4-17
2.1 Physical properties of grain 4
2.2 Apparatus for measuring the angle of 6
repose
2.3 Moisture content determination method 13
2.4 Critical dimension of hopper openings 15
2.5 Flow through orifices 16
3. Material and Methods 18-56
3.1 Angle of repose measurement 18
3.1.1 Digital angle of repose measurement 18
apparatus
3.1.2 Design and development 20
3.1.2.1 Plate 20
3.1.2.2 Cylinder 21
3.1.2.3 Discharge hopper 22
3.1.2.4 Frame 23
3.2 Components of Digital measuring unit 23
3.2.1 Analog to digital converter (A/D) module 23
3.2.2 Microcontroller (PIC16F877A) 24
3.2.2.1 Microcontroller: A real-time application 25
involves
3.2.2.2 Core feature of microcontroller 25
PIC16F877A
3.2.2.3 Peripheral features 26
3.2.2.4 Microcontroller PIC16F877A device 27
features
i
3.2.3 Power Supply 32
3.2.4 Circuit Description 33
3.2.4.1 Making of a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 33
3.2.4.2 H-Bridge 34
3.2.4.2.1 Features 36
3.2.4.3 Soldering 36
3.2.4.4 DC Motor 36
3.2.4.5 Positive voltage regulator 37
3.2.4.5.1 Specification 37
3.2.4.6 Octal High Voltage, High Current 38
Darlington Transistor Arrays
3.2.4.6.1 Specification of ULN2803 (OP-AMP) 38
3.2.4.6.2 Pin Connections 39
3.2.4.7 LCD JHD162A (Liquid crystal display) 40
3.2.4.7.1 Feature of LCDJHD162A 41
3.2.4.7.2 Power Supply of LCD 42
3.2.4.8 Transformer 42
3.2.4.9 Stepper motor 43
3.2.4.10 LED (Light Emitting Diode) 45
3.3 Traditional method 48
3.4 Procurement of experimental material 49
3.5 Moisture measurement 49
3.6 Preparation of sample at different moisture 50
content
3.7 Equipment and Instruments 50
3.7.1 Digital balance (Small) 50
3.7.2 Digital weighing balances (Big) 51
3.7.3 Hot air oven 51
3.7.4 Digital Vernier Calliper 51
ii
3.7.5 Digital tachometer 51
3.7.6 Photograph of Instruments and Equipment 52
used for experiment
3.8 Bulk density 53
3.9 Coefficient of friction 53
3.10 Theoretical Consideration 55
4. Results and Discussion 57-71
4.1 Engineering principle of developed device 57
4.2 Digital measuring Unit 58
4.2.1 Working process 58
4.3 Performance test of developed apparatus 62
4.4 Study of Bulk density and Coefficient of 67
friction
4.4.1 Bulk density 67
4.4.2 Coefficient of friction 69
5. Summary and Conclusions and Suggestions for 72-74
Future Research Work
Bibliography 75-79
Appendices i-xix

iii
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
3.1 Pin description of microcontroller 29-30
3.2 Absolute maximum Rating 38
3.3 Interface of LCD 40
3.4 Experiment plan for performance evaluation of 56
digital apparatus
4.1 Value of Calculated t-statistic at 1% level of 67
significance.
4.2 Bulk density of Wheat and Mustard at different 68
Moisture content.
4.3 Bulk density of Paddy, Pigeon pea and soybean 69
at different moisture content.
4.4 Coefficient of friction of Wheat and Mustard at 70
different moisture content
4.5 Coefficient of friction of Paddy, Pigeon pea and 71
soybean at different moisture content

iv
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page No.
3.1 Cylinder 21
3.2 Discharge hopper 22
3.3 Isometric view of developed apparatus 23
3.4 Pin out diagram PIC16F877A 28
3.5 Circuit diagram of designed electronic device 31
3.6 Block diagram of a regulated power supply system 32
3.6 (a) Circuit diagram of power supply 32
3.7 (a) Circuit diagram of H-Bridge 34
3.7 (b) Circuit diagram of H-Bridge 35
3.8 (a) Positive voltage regulator 37
3.8 (b) Application circuit of positive voltage regulator 38
3.9 Octal High Voltages, High Current Darlington 39
Transistor Arrays
3.10 Block Diagram of LCD 41
3.11 Transformer 43
3.12 (a) Stepper motor 44
3.12 (b) Circuit diagram of stepper motor 45
3.13 (a) An LED 46
3.13 (b) LED connected to power supply 46
3.13 (c) Schematic diagram of LED 46
3.14 Block diagram of whole unit 47
3.15 Angle of Repose 49
4.1 Isometric view of digital angle of repose 61
measurement apparatus
4.2 Comparison of angle of repose of wheat grain as 62
measured by developed digital apparatus by with
that for traditional method
4.3 Comparison of angle of repose of mustard grain as 63
measured by developed digital apparatus by with
that for traditional method
v