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determinants of modern automobile technology adoption among mechanics in micro and small PDF

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DETERMINANTS OF MODERN AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AMONG MECHANICS IN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA KENNEDY OJUCKU MAIRURA DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Entrepreneurship) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017 Determinants of Modern Automobile Technology Adoption among Mechanics in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya Kennedy Ojucku Mairura A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entrepreneurship in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2017 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Sign: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Kennedy Ojucku Mairura This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Sign: ____________________________ Date: ________________ Dr. Patrick Karanja Ngugi JKUAT,Kenya Sign: ____________________________ Date: ________________ Prof. Christopher Kanali JKUAT,Kenya ii DEDICATION This thesis is specially dedicated to my parents.my wife Purity, my children and my siblings iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Patrick Ngugi Karanja from the School of Entrepreneurship, Procurement and Management and Prof. Christopher Kanali from the Department of Bio-mechanical Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology for their guidance, encouragement and support while writing this thesis. I would also wish to thank all my respondents for their cooperation, without whom, this piece of work would not have been possible. Much thanks to my parents and siblings who tirelessly sacrificed in monetary terms to make sure I complete my PhD program successfully. I wish to thank my wife Purity and Madam Monicah Kamau who persevered and tolerated my impatience whenever it came to typesetting, editing the drafts and organizing this final document. Lastly, I commend my research assistants for the job well done. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................................ xi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................... xii DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Micro and Small Enterprises ....................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Technology Adoption .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 Models of Technology Adoption ................................................................................. 5 1.1.4 Micro and Small Automobile Enterprises in Kenya .................................................... 8 1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 10 1.3 Study Objectives ....................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 General Objective ...................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2 Specific Objectives .................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Study Hypotheses ...................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Justification of the Study ........................................................................................... 11 1.6 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................... 12 1.7 Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................... 14 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Theories of Technology Diffusion and Adoption ...................................................... 14 2.2.2 Technology Acceptance Model ................................................................................. 15 v 2.2.3 The Innovation Decision Process Theory .................................................................. 17 2.2.4 The Perceived Attributes Theory ............................................................................... 17 2.3 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Relative Advantage of a Technology ......................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Compatibility in Innovations ..................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Complexity of a Given Technology ........................................................................... 24 2.3.4 Observability of a Technology .................................................................................. 24 2.3.5 Technology Adoption ................................................................................................ 25 2.4 Empirical Literature .................................................................................................. 28 2.4.1 Degree of Relative Advantage of a Technology ........................................................ 28 2.4.2 Level of Compatibility of a Given Innovation ........................................................... 30 2.4.3 Perceived Complexity of a Technology ..................................................................... 31 2.4.4 Observability of Innovations ..................................................................................... 32 2.5 Critique of Literature ................................................................................................. 33 2.6 Research Gaps ........................................................................................................... 35 2.7 Summary of the Literature ........................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................... 38 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 38 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 38 3.2 Research Philosophy ................................................................................................. 38 3.3 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Target Population ...................................................................................................... 39 3.5 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size .................................................................... 40 3.6 Data Collection Procedures ....................................................................................... 42 3.6.1 Instrumentation .......................................................................................................... 42 3.7 Pilot Study ................................................................................................................. 43 3.7.1 Reliability .................................................................................................................. 44 3.7.2 Validity ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation ................................................................................. 44 3.9 Statistical Model of Analysis .................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................... 49 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 49 vi 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 49 4.2 Response Rate ........................................................................................................... 49 4.3 Pilot Study Results .................................................................................................... 49 4.3.1 Reliability .................................................................................................................. 50 4.3.2 Validity ..................................................................................................................... 50 4.4 Demographic Information ......................................................................................... 51 4.4.1 Education Level of the Respondents ......................................................................... 52 4.4.2 Formal Technical Training ........................................................................................ 53 4.4.3 Area of Specialization for the Mechanics .................................................................. 54 4.4.4 Experience of the Mechanics ..................................................................................... 55 4.5 The Influence of Relative Advantage on Adoption of Modern Automobile Technology ...................................................................................................................... 55 4.6 Influence of Compatibility in Adoption of Automobile Technology ....................... 61 4.7 Influence of Perceived Complexity on Adoption of Automobile Technology ......... 66 4.8 Influence of Observability on Adoption of Automobile Technology ....................... 73 4.9 Logistic Regression Analysis and Testing of the Hypotheses .................................. 76 4.9.1 Logistic Regression Analysis .................................................................................... 76 4.9.2 Relative advantage .................................................................................................... 78 4.9.3 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 79 4.9.4 Complexity ................................................................................................................ 79 4.9.5 Observability ............................................................................................................. 81 4.10 Revised Conceptual Framework ............................................................................. 81 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................... 83 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................... 83 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 83 5.2 Summary of Major Findings ..................................................................................... 83 5.2.1 Relative Advantage ................................................................................................... 83 5.2.2 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 84 5.2.3 Complexity ................................................................................................................ 84 5.2.4 Observability ............................................................................................................. 85 5.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 86 5.4 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 86 vii 5.4.1 Recommendation for Future Research ....................................................................... 87 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 88 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 107 viii

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1.1.4 Micro and Small Automobile Enterprises in Kenya . Table 4.8: Area of specialization of the mechanics as related to relative advantage. throttle enrichment can be reduced with an EFI engine because fuel “flooding” in the.
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