Detection of Explosives and Landmines: Methods and Field Experience

246 Pages·2002·14.08 MB·English

by  M. Krausa

Detection of Explosives and Landmines
NATO Science Series
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Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 66
Detection of Explosives and
Landmines
Methods and Field Experience
edited by
Hiltmar Schubert
Fraunhofer-Institut fur Chemische Technologie (ICT),
Pfinztal, Germany
and
Andrey Kuznetsov
v.G. Khlopin Radium Institute,
St. Petersburg, Russia
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Detection of Explosives and Landmines
St. Petersburg, Russia
9-14 September 2001
A C.I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-0693-7 ISBN 978-94-010-0397-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0397-1
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilm ing,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Table of Contents
Preface IX
Acknowledgement XIII
Contributions:
Chemical Methods for the Detection of Mines and Explosives
M. Krausa, H. Massong, P. Rabenecker and H. Ziegler
Fraunhofer-Institut fUr Chemische Technolagie (lCT),
Jaseph-von-Fraunhafer-StraBe 7, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany
Concept of a Combined Mobile Device for Explosives and Landmines Identification Based on
Timed Neutron Source and Electromagnetic UHF Waves 21
A. Kuznetsov
V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute,
st.
2-j Murinski pro2 8, 194021 Petersburg, Russia
Detection of Nanogram Amounts of Explosives 33
B. Vetlicky
University of Pardubice,
Czech Republic
Humanitarian Demining: Sensor Design and Signal Processing Aspects 39
M. Acheray, P. Verlinde
Royal Military Academy (RMA),
Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
Electro-Optical Land Mine Detection 57
I. Schwaetzer
Bodenseewerk Geratetechnik GmbH,
88641 Oberlingen, Germany
Decision-Taking Procedure for Explosives Detection by Nuclear Technique 59
D.N. Vakhtin, A.V. Evsenin, A.V. Kuznetsov, 0.1. Osetrov, M.D. Zubkov
V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute,
st.
194021 Petersburg, Russia
Detection of Explosive Vapors in Ambient Air by Ion Nonlinear Drift Spectrometry Method 69
I.A. Buryakov
The Design and Technological Institute of
Instrument Engineering for Geophysics and Ecology (IDE), Siberian Branch of RAS,
630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Trace Detection of Components Emanating from Hidden Explosives 77
P. Kolla
Bundeskriminalamt,
65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
vi
Landmine Detection with an Electronic Nose Mounted on an Airship 83
J. Goschnick and M. Harms
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fOr Instrumentelle Analytik,
76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Detection of Semtex Plastic Explosives 93
P. Mostak, M. Stand
Research Institute of Industrial Chemistry,
Aliachem a.s. Division Synthesia, 53217 Pardubice-Semtin, Czech Republic
HPM / IR Detection of Landmines: Review and Update 103
J.S. Seregelyi, S.M. Khanna, R. Apps, M. Boyle, F. Paquet
Defence Research Establishment,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
The Operational Experience and Prospect of Development of the Devices for Detection
of Explosive Substances by the Thermal Neutron Radiation Analysis Method 125
Y.I. Olshansky, S.G. Fillippov,
Sa. T.e. Ratec, Ltd. Okjabrskay quay, 193079 st. Petersburg, Russia
V.S. Kyzyurov, A. I. Laykin
Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute, 196158 5t. Petersburg, Russia
Characterization of Chemical Sensors for the Detection of Explosives - Development of
Standards 133
G. Holl
Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Explosive, Fuels and Lubricants (WIWEB),
53913 Swisttal, GroBes Cent, Germany
Explosives Localisation and Pre-Identification Based on UHF Electromagnetic Waves 137
V.P. Averianov, A.S. Vishneveski, I.B. Vorobiov, M.D. Zubkov, A.V. Kuznetsov
V.G. Khlopin Radium Insitute,
194021 st. Petersburg, Russia
A Neutron-Gamma Method and Apparatus for Detection and Identification of Hidden Objects in
Brick (Concrete) Walls 147
M.N. Chubarov
V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute,
194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
,. Practical Issues in Manual Demining: Implications for New Detection Technologies 155
2. Technology and the Landmine Problem. Practical Aspects of Mine Clearance Operations 165
J. Trevelyan
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Western Australia,
Nedlands, 6907
The High Efficiency Complex for Detection of Landmines 185
A.I. Karev, V.G. Raevsky
Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117924 Moscow, Russia
JA Konyaev, A.S. Rumyantsev
JSCCentral Design Bureau "Almaz", 125178 Moscow, Russia
R.R. lIiutschenko
15th Central Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation,
143430 Nahabino, Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region, Russia
vii
Detection of Anti-Personnel Landmines using Microwave Radiometry Techniques 195
M. Peichl, S. Dill, H. SOB
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Radio Frequency Technology and Radar Systems,
Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 WeBling, Germany
Analysis of Performance of a System for Explosives Detection in Airline Baggage 199
V. V. Smirnov
V.G. Khlopin Institute,
194021 st. Petersburg, Russia
Sensories of the German Mine Detection System, MMSR 203
C. Bittorf, l. Laukemper
Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH,
29345 Unterluess, Germany
The Problem of Military TNT in NQR Mine Detector 217
V.S. Grechishkin
Kaliningrad State University,
236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
Detection of Nitrogen-Containing Substances by Means of a Small Size Accelerator 227
V.M. Sanin, A.M. Yegorov, I.N. Onishchenko, V.lA. Migalenya, V.V. Zhuk
Institute of Plasma Electronics and New Methods of Acceleration, National Science Center,
Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
Methods of Building a Database of Radiolocation Characteristics of Explosive Substances for
their Localization and Identification 239
V. Kaplun, S. Nesterov
r d Central Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation,
170005 Tver, Russia
Radiation Beam Technologies in Detection and Destruction of Explosives 243
NA Ivanov, V.I. Novikov
Department of the Experimental Nuclear Physics, St. Petersburg State Technical University,
195251 st. Petersburg, Russia
AA Shemaev
Research Institute of Special Materials
194044 St. Petersburg, Russia
Methodology and Field Equipment for Detection of Explosives, Drugs and Other Substances of
Organic Origin 247
L. Meskhi
Nuclear and Radiation Safety Service of Georgia, Georgia
Preface
This ARW is the third NATO-sponsored workshop on Explosives Detection and Humanitarian
Demining. The previous events were
• Detection and Destruction of Anti-Personnel Landmines
Moscow, 1997
• Explosives Detection and Decontamination of the Environment
Prague, 1997.
Over the last decade applied research in Humanitarian Demining has made progress to some
extend, but according to the tremendous tasks of Demining and the lack of scientific methods
for practical detection of explosive devices, research activities are still of the same importance
than ever before. Concerning countermeasures against terrorism the detection of explosives is
one of the keyfactors, but the practical applications are not sufficient solved. An international
exchange of research results are therefore urgent, to find out the most promising measures for
application. The coincidence of this ARW and the terrible disaster of New York and Washington
may demonstrate the importance of this task.
In consequence the explosive device detection technologies can make a major contribution to
collective, family and individual security. In developed countries, these technologies provide a
strong deterrent and preventative measure against terrorist threats. In less developed regions,
they can improve individual, institutional and state security, lessening the insecurity that
motivates many terrorists acts. The elimination of landmine threats is just one of many ways of
achieving this. However our attempts to meet the extremely difficult technical challenges posed
by landmine and UXO contamination are inevitably leading us to new technological approaches.
If these new approaches are pursued vigorously they will definitely enhance our capabilities to
detect hidden weapons, explosive devices, even weapons of mass destruction.
Recent events have underlined the pressing need for improved security measures.
Technological innovation is continually opening new avenues for terrorist acts. No
countermeasures can be perfect. Therefore security ultimately relies on maintaining greater
knowledge and technological capacity than terrorist groups.
There is a continuing need for research to extend our presently reduced lead and restore an
acceptable technological edge.
An effective deterrent to further use of landmines and to guard against terrorism requires three
elements: technological capability, credibility that it will be deployed, and communicating this to
those whom we wish to deter. However, we do not have a fully effective technological
capability.
The problem of reliable detection of explosives, whether in buried landmines, or hidden in cars,
aircraft cargo or baggage, or carried by suicide bombers, has not yet been solved. Resources
provided for research until now have not been sufficient to meet he challenge. While the
technical problems pose a great challenge to our ingenuity, they are not insurmountable. More
resources are needed.
ix
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Further, continuing research activities are needed to maintain the expertise and technology
capability to respond quickly to new and unforeseen threats.
The goal of the workshop was to bring Eastern and Western scientists with experience in
landmine and explosive detection. The main task was to review the state of the art in land mine
and explosive detection technologies, and to consider whether there are alternatives methods or
technologies that should be investigated.
Papers describing physical, chemical, and bio-chemical methods were presented, covering the
complex aspects of mine detection, e.g. shape, materials and explosives.
The papers covered a wide range of different detection methods, and included sensor-fusion
experiments such as MMSR and HOPE.
Discussions focused on the needs expressed by mine action agencies and of the technical
realization of the methods. It seems likely that some existing methods could be effective for
particular tasks in specific environmental conditions. However, current sensor technologies are
not sufficient for most mine action tasks. However, no single sensor system will be able to
fulfilling all the necessary needs. Therefore, methods for using multiple sensor approaches are
essential, for example, sensor fusion.
The major needs from mine action agencies that were discussed include:
1. Technologies for mapping contaminated areas and assessing the effectiveness of
remediation efforts,
2. Quality assurance sensor for mine clearance work, and
3. Detection and location of individual mines.
Some of the significant conclusions and results of this meeting were:
a) There is no known method that will the requirement to detect minimum metal mines at
a depth of 200mm in all conditions. However intermediate solutions that fall short of this
requirement may still meet certain niche needs of the mine action and the military
peace-keeping or peace-enforcement communities. For example, a partially effective
technology road clearance, assisted by mine detection dogs, could effectively deter mine
laying activities in favour of other strategies that do not pose the same problems as
mines in the post-conflict recovery phase. A ground penetrating radar sensor could be
helpful in locating large anti-vehicle mines detected by dogs: the dogs cannot accurately
locate most mines.
b) Up to this moment, no single sensor seems to fulfil the need to detect individual mines in
all possible scenarios. This means a multi-sensor system is needed, in which the
outcomes of several sensors are combined together. Furthermore, the influence of the
environment requires different sensors to be used in different scenarios. All these
remarks together suggest that there is a need for an open architecture multi-sensor (data
fusion) system: this can be described as a "tool box" approach.
c) Scientists should not work without a clear understanding of the problems to be solved.
Therefore it is proposed that scientists must develop strong links with the end-users and
visit real mine fields, and that funding should be provided specifically to assist this.
d) To evaluate the potential for different methods, there is a need for standardized
simulants, test fields, and test procedures. This could be realized in connection with the
ITEP initiative.
xi
e) There are technologies that could help solve humanitarian demining problems but the
commercial potential is limited and the realization of these systems is taking too much
time. Present government policies that favour research on commercially attractive
technologies need to be adjusted to overcome this difficulty.
f) Given the likely long term of the problem of mine contamination, we think that related
fundamental scientific research could be useful. More research on, for example, olfactory
sensing in primates, electromagnetic properties of soils and diffusion of explosive
molecules and particles in the environment, for example, could be very helpful.
g) The workshop has helped co-operation and cross-fertilization between the research
institutes of different countries (and especially between East and West). Several
collaborative research projects were discussed and initiated at the workshop.
Co-chairmen:
Hiltmar Schubert
Andrey Kuznetsov