Detection of Drug Misuse: Biomarkers, Analytical Advances and Interpretation

451 Pages·2017·5.318 MB·English

by  Kim Wolff (editor)

Detection of Drug Misuse
Biomarkers, Analytical Advances and Interpretation
2
Detection of Drug Misuse
Biomarkers, Analytical
Advances and
Interpretation
Edited by
Kim Wolff
King’s College London, UK
Email: [email protected]
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Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-157-7
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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Preface
The general aim in producing this book has been to illustrate the
manner in which drug detection is carried out in different environments
and with different matrices. In the last two decades, the interest in drug
and alcohol use has markedly increased across the globe. This is due to
both an increase in the availability and use of psychoactive substances and
an increased focus from those involved in national and international public
health and law enforcement agencies.
The publication of the Detection of Drug Misuse comes at an important
and intriguing time, with drug use in sport and in drug driving being
focuses of international discourse. The manner in which drugs are detected
in biological material and the way in which the results are interpreted and
reported have received significant attention. It is hoped that this book will
supplement knowledge and add to the wider process of review,
consultation and evaluation that is taking place throughout the field and
enable the reader to develop a view in terms of what, how and why we
seek to detect misused drugs.
It has been the aim to reflect upon the state-of-the-art analytical
advances in the detection of drug and alcohol use, including innovative
developments in sample collection. The intention is to provide academics,
postgraduate and undergraduate students, drug and alcohol professionals
and forensic and toxicological scientists with a high-quality book that
covers key contemporary issues in the field. To this end, the authors have
been chosen because of their particular expertise in different fields.
Each chapter offers critical and up-to-date content on the contemporary
issues in the detection of drug misuse. The sporting environment, civil
aviation and drug driving are given particular attention. The authors are
geographically dispersed, bringing the advantage of an international
flavour to the sections on the ‘detection of new psychoactive substances’
and the section on ‘innovative approaches to sample collection’. In
summary, this book provides an overview of the latest ideas, research and
experience concerning drug detection of misused substances. Hopefully,
Detection of Drug Misuse: Biomarkers, Analytical Advances and
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Interpretation will become a resource for the growing academy, especially
at a time when these issues are gaining prominence in the public domain.
Kim Wolff
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Contents
Section I: Analytical Advances in Drug Detection
1 Urinalysis: The Detection of Common Drugs in Urine
Michael David Osselton
1.1 Introduction and Historical Background
1.2 Urinary Drug Excretion
1.3 Urine Collection and Storage
1.4 Interpretation of Analytical Results
1.5 Approaches to Screening
1.6 Confirmatory Analysis
References
2 Point-of-Care/Collection Testing: Application to Drugs of Misuse
Testing
Claire George and Alan Pang
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principle of POCT Drug Tests
2.3 Parameters of Test Performance
2.3.1 Analytical Specificity
2.3.2 Cross-Reactivity
2.3.3 Analytical Sensitivity
2.4 Selection of a Drug Testing Device
2.5 Interpretation of POCT Results
2.5.1 True-Positive Results
2.5.2 True-Negative Results
2.5.3 False-Positive Results
2.5.4 False-Negative Results
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2.6 Quality and Accreditation
2.7 Innovation in POCT for Drugs of Misuse
References
3 Analytical Advances in Drug Detection: Human Sports Drug
Testing
D. A. Cowan
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample Collection
3.3 Sample Screening Methods
3.3.1 Foreign Substances
3.3.2 Pseudo-Endogenous Substances
3.3.3 The ABP for Blood Samples
3.3.4 The Use of Biomarkers to Evidence Drug Misuse
3.3.5 Detection of Gene Doping
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Analytical Overview of Drug Detection: Civil Aviation
Nigel P. Dowdall
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Aircraft Accidents: Drug and Alcohol Misuse
4.2 Regulations and Guidance
4.2.1 ICAO
4.2.2 USA
4.2.3 Europe
4.2.4 UK
4.2.5 Other Countries
4.3 Identifying Drug and Alcohol Misuse in Aviation
4.3.1 Prevalence
4.3.2 Drug and Alcohol Testing
4.3.3 Questionnaire Screening
4.3.4 Reporting by Enforcement Agencies, Health
Professionals and ‘Whistle-Blowers’
4.3.5 Reporting by Peers and Employers
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Detection of Misused Drugs: Natural and Synthetic Cathinones
Anders Helander
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5.1 Cathinone
5.1.1 Origin and Use
5.1.2 Clinical Effects
5.2 Synthetic Substituted Cathinones
5.2.1 Origin and Use of Substituted Cathinones
5.2.2 Structures of Substituted Cathinones
5.2.3 Clinical Effects
5.3 Analysis of Synthetic Substituted Cathinones
5.3.1 Analytical Problems Related to NPSs
5.3.2 Immunoassay Screening
5.3.3 MS Analysis
5.3.4 Analysis of Parent Compounds or Metabolites
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Detection of Misused Drugs: Psychoactive Piperazines
L. J. Schep, H. A. Poulsen and P. Gee
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pharmacology and Toxicology
6.3 Methods of Detection of Piperazines in Biological Samples
6.3.1 Immunoassays
6.3.2 Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Mass
Spectrometry
6.4 Identification of Psychoactive Piperazines in Powder and
Tablet Formulations
6.5 Psychoactive Piperazines in Biological Samples
6.6 Conclusion
References
Section II: Innovation in Sample Collection & Assay
Methodology
7 Dried Blood Spots for Testing Drugs of Misuse
R. Quraishi, R. Jain and A. Ambekar
7.1 Introduction
7.2 DBS Sampling: Technique and Relevant Factors
7.2.1 DBS Sampling Paper
7.2.2 Preparation of DBSs
7.2.3 Drying of DBS Samples
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