Design Thinking Research: Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation PDF
Preview Design Thinking Research: Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation
Understanding Innovation Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Research Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation Understanding Innovation Serieseditors ChristophMeinel Potsdam,Germany LarryLeifer Stanford,USA Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8802 (cid:129) Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Research Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation Editors ChristophMeinel LarryLeifer HassoPlattnerInstituteforDigital StanfordUniversity Engineering Stanford,CA,USA UniversityofPotsdam Potsdam,Germany ISSN2197-5752 ISSN2197-5760 (electronic) UnderstandingInnovation ISBN978-3-319-97081-3 ISBN978-3-319-97082-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97082-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018957128 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Complexity grows ubiquitously in our world, and the resultant challenges are impossible to ignore. New developments in digital technologies often suggest and frequently demand making changes—sometimes radical—to how products, tools, and services could or should function, how we collaborate and interact with cus- tomersandpartners,andhowweorganizeprocessesandbusiness.Inordertomove forwardeffectively,itisnecessaryforustothinkdifferently,departingfromhabitual andtraditionalwaysofthinking.Designthinkinghasbeenadoptedandpracticedby individuals and organizations in increasing numbers as a powerful framework to fosterinnovationinproducts,services,andoperations,andmorerecentlyonstrategy andcreatingculturesofinnovation. Asinterestandexperienceindesignthinkinghavegrown,aswellasitsapplica- tion to new and diverse challenges, there is an increasing need to deepen our understanding of how and why design thinking works: what are the factors that makeitmoresuccessfulthanotherapproaches,andwhatarethereasonsitcanfail? Theseareamongthedrivingquestionsthatfuelmycontinuousinterestandsupport for meticulous and conscientious research in the field through the Hasso Plattner Design Thinking Research Program, a research initiative conducted jointly by the HassoPlattnerInstituteofDesignatStanfordUniversityinCaliforniaandtheHasso PlattnerInstitute(HPI)forDigitalEngineeringinPotsdam,Germany. Overthecourseofnearlytenyearsofgroundbreakingresearch,ourunderstanding ofdesignthinkinghasbroadenedanddeepenedinanunprecedentedmanner.Since theimplementationoftheDesignThinkingResearchProgramin2008,researchers ontwocontinentshaveconductedover100studiesexamining,detailing,andmaking senseofdesignthinkinginitsmanyforms.Wenowhaveanestimablebodyofnew knowledgeconcerningteamdynamics,thecharacteristicsandmechanismsofeffec- tive design thinking tools, and the application of design thinking in organizational contexts.Newtoolsandmethodsbasedontheknowledgeandinsightscreatedbythe programarelayingafoundationforinformed,empiricallybasedpracticethatyields greater impact. It is incumbent upon the research community to channel the new v vi Foreword knowledgewehavecreatedintoimprovedcontentforteachingandlearningdesign thinkinginallHPIcommunities. New discoveriesand insights,newlydeveloped approaches,andtoolsindesign thinkingshouldbeavailabletoallwhoseektoadvance,drive,andsupportinnovation andinnovativeculturefororganizationsorforindividualsmakingsocialandcultural change. In light of this, it is essential for new design thinking knowledge and content—studies, workshops, frameworks, exercises, and tools—to be available andaccessibletostudentsandprofessionals,toexperts,andtothosejuststartingout. LastyearthetenthanniversaryofthefoundingoftheSchoolofDesignThinking at Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam was celebrated at the second d.confestival. ScholarsoftheDesignThinkingResearchProgramcomplementedthefestivitiesby running an enthusiastically attended “Design Thinking Research Lab” in the event space. Here, visitors learned not only about new contributions to and insights into design thinking, but also about how research is conducted and why it is a force of relevantchangeinourcommunities. Atthismoment,youholdinyourhandsanotherwayofbringingourfindingsto innovators everywhere: the ninth volume of our series on design thinking research presentsthecomprehensivecollectionofresearchstudiescarriedoutbyscholarsof boththeHassoPlattnerInstituteinPotsdamandatStanfordUniversity.Inadditionto providingthefindingsofrecentprojects,thisvolumepresentsathought-provoking historical perspective on design thinking as a creative practice. Now in its second fundingperiod,theDesignThinkingResearchProgramhascultivatedadiverseand growing community that gives place to rich exchanges between current doctoral candidates,alumni,researchers,andpractitionersfromamyriadofdisciplines.These exchangesbringnewperspectives,depth,andlastingvaluetonotonlytheprogram andtoitsresearchers,buttodesignthinkingitself. Thesynthesisofmultipleperspectives—whichresultsfromteamsofpeoplefrom diversedisciplines,fromresearchandfrompractice,collaboratingonthesame,often wickedchallenge—constitutesoneofthefundamentalbenefitsofdesignthinking.In thisenterpriseofdesignthinkingresearch,weencourageyoutoreachoutandinvite curious innovators of all kinds to work together, to experiment and learn, and to focus on broadening and deepening our practice and understanding of design thinkingandtheimpactitcanbringtobenefittheworld. PaloAlto,CA HassoPlattner Winter2017/2018 Contents LookingFurther:DesignThinkingBeyondSolution-Fixation. . . . . . . . 1 LarryLeiferandChristophMeinel TheoreticalFoundationsofDesignThinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 JuliaP.A.vonThienen,WilliamJ.Clancey,andChristophMeinel PartI UnderstandingSuccessFactorsofDesignThinking EmotionsAlongtheDesignThinkingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 BenediktEwald,AxelMenning,ClaudiaNicolai,andUlrichWeinberg MeasuringDesignThinkingPracticeinContext. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 AdamRoyalty,HelenChen,BernardRoth,andSheriSheppard MakingUseofInnovationSpaces:TowardsaFramework ofStrategizingSpatialInterventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 MarieKlooker,MartinSchwemmle,ClaudiaNicolai,andUlrichWeinberg PartII ExploringtheDigitalPotential:Teaching,Research andOrganizationalApproaches AnIterativeApproachtoOnlineCourseDesign:ImprovingaDesign ResearchMOOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 KarenvonSchmieden,LenaMayer,ManaTaheri,andChristophMeinel CrowdResearch:OpenandScalableUniversityLaboratories. . . . . . . . 113 RajanVaish,Snehalkumar(Neil)S.Gaikwad,GezaKovacs,AndreasVeit, RanjayKrishna,ImanolArrietaIbarra,CameliaSimoiu,MichaelWilber, SergeBelongie,SharadC.Goel,JamesDavis,andMichaelS.Bernstein vii viii Contents RedesigningSocialOrganizationforAcceleratedInnovationintheNew DigitalEconomy:ADesignThinkingPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 AdeMabogunje,NeerajSonalkar,andLarryLeifer PartIII DesignThinkinginPractice NewWaysofDataEntryinDoctor-PatientEncounters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 MatthiasWenzel,AnjaPerlich,JuliaP.A.vonThienen, andChristophMeinel DesignThinkingPainManagement:ToolstoImproveHuman-Centered CommunicationBetweenPatientsandProviders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 NicholasBerte,LaurenAquinoShluzas,BardiaBeigi,MosesAlbaniel, MartinS.Angst,andDavidPickham InnoDev:ASoftwareDevelopmentMethodologyIntegratingDesign Thinking,ScrumandLeanStartup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 FranziskaDobrigkeit,DaniellydePaula,andMatthiasUflacker TowardsExploratorySoftwareDesignEnvironments fortheMulti-DisciplinaryTeam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 PatrickRein,MarcelTaeumel,andRobertHirschfeld “IKnowItWhenISeeIt”:HowExpertsandNovicesRecognize GoodDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 KeslerTannerandJamesLanday Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation LarryLeiferandChristophMeinel Abstract Inthepursuitofbreakthroughinnovation,itisnecessarytorecognizethat most, if not all, respective disciplines exhibit tendencies for “solution-fixation.” When problems appear, the historical value of designers and managers has been associated with an ability to swiftly recognize, properly mobilize, and solve them. The Hasso Plattner Design Thinking Research Program (HPDTRP) redirects ana- lytical and generative attention elsewhere: to the development and nurturing of a problem-orientedmindset. 1 Fixations and Orientations In the pursuit of breakthrough innovation, it is necessary torecognize that most, if notall,respectivedisciplinesexhibittendenciesfor“solution-fixation.”Whenprob- lemsappear,thehistoricalvalueofdesignersandmanagershasbeenassociatedwith an ability to swiftly recognize, properly mobilize, and solve them. Such assured action fulfills the general expectations of the world at large, and this prevailing behavior is further nurtured by both urgency found on the front lines of design practiceandincreasingdemandforappliedresearch. The Hasso Plattner Design Thinking Research Program (HPDTRP) redirects analytical and generative attention elsewhere, while reappropriating the prevailing mindsetwhennecessary.Wefindgreatervalueinthedevelopmentandnurturingof a problem-oriented mindset to best quell prevailing solution-fixation practices that continue to drive some disciplinary specific practices today. Through our engage- mentwithfoundproblems,anynaturaltendencytosolveisfirstsuspendedtobetter interrogate and reframe problems for end-user gain. This temporary suspension of L.Leifer(*) StanfordCenterforDesignResearch,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA e-mail:[email protected] C.Meinel HassoPlattnerInstituteforDigitalEngineering,UniversityofPotsdam,Potsdam,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1 C.Meinel,L.Leifer(eds.),DesignThinkingResearch,UnderstandingInnovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97082-0_1
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