Design of electrical transmission lines: structures and foundations. Volume I

462 Pages·2017·20.383 MB·English

by  Kalaga, Sriram, Yenumula, Prasad

Design of Electrical Transmission Lines
Dedicated to Shirdi Saibaba
Design of Electrical Transmission
Lines
Structures and Foundations
Sriram Kalaga
Ulteig Engineers Inc.
Prasad Yenumula
Duke Energy
Volume 1
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Kalaga,Sriram,author.|Yenumula,Prasad,author.
Title:Designofelectricaltransmissionlines:structuresandfoundations/
SriramKalaga,UlteigEngineers,PrasadYenumula,DukeEnergy.
Description:Leiden,TheNetherlands:CRCPress/Balkema,[2017]|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016026908(print)|LCCN2016031338(ebook)|ISBN
9781138000919(hbk:alk.paper)|ISBN9781315755687(eBook)
Subjects:LCSH:Overheadelectriclines.|Electricpowerdistribution–High
tension.
Classification:LCCTK3231.K2362016(print)|LCCTK3231(ebook)|DDC
621.319/22–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016026908
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-1-138-00091-9(Hbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-75568-7(eBook)
Table of contents
ForewordbyMarlonW.Vogt xi
ForewordbyJamesA.Robinson xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Abouttheauthors xxi
Specialthanks xxiii
Noticetothereader xxv
Listofabbreviations xxvii
Listoffigures xxxi
Listoftables xxxvii
Conversionfactors xli
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historyofelectricaltransmission 1
1.2 Transmissionstructures 2
1.3 Currentstateoftheart 3
1.4 Designprocesses 5
1.5 Scopeofthisbook 13
2 Generaldesigncriteria 17
2.1 Climate 17
2.1.1 Extremewind 18
2.1.2 Combinediceandwinddistrictloading 21
2.1.3 Extremeicewithconcurrentwind 21
2.1.4 Highintensitywinds 22
2.1.5 Pollution 22
2.1.6 Temperature 22
2.2 Electricaldesign 22
2.2.1 Regulatorycodes 22
2.2.2 Rightofway 23
2.2.3 Clearances 25
2.2.3.1 Insulatorswing 34
2.2.4 Shielding 36
2.2.5 Lightningperformanceandgrounding 37
2.2.6 Insulationrequirements 38
2.2.7 Conductoroperatingtemperature 38
vi Table of contents
2.2.8 Coronaandfieldeffects 40
2.2.9 EMFandnoise 40
2.2.10 Galloping 40
2.2.11 Ampacity 41
2.3 Structuraldesignoftransmissionlines 41
2.3.1 Structurespotting 41
2.3.2 Rulingspans 42
2.3.3 Sagsandtensions 43
2.3.3.1 Galloping 45
2.3.3.2 Tensionlimits 45
2.3.4 Insulators 46
2.3.5 Hardware 47
2.3.6 Guywiresandanchors 47
2.4 Structuralanalysis 48
2.4.1 PLS-PoleTM 48
2.4.2 TowerTM 50
2.4.3 PLS-CADDTM 53
2.4.4 Loadandstrengthcriteria 53
2.4.4.1 Structuraldesigncriteria 56
2.4.4.2 Weathercases 56
2.4.4.3 Loadcases 56
2.5 Foundationdesigncriteria 63
2.6 Constructability 63
2.6.1 Constructionconsiderations 64
2.6.2 Environmentalconstraints 64
2.6.3 Regulatoryissues 64
2.6.4 Publicacceptance 64
2.7 Codesandstandardsforlinedesign 66
Problems 66
3 Structuralanalysisanddesign 69
3.1 Structurematerials 70
3.1.1 Wood 71
3.1.1.1 Laminatedwood 74
3.1.2 Steel 74
3.1.2.1 Woodequivalentsteelpoles 76
3.1.3 Concrete 77
3.1.4 Latticetowers 78
3.1.5 Composite 79
3.2 Structurefamilies 79
3.2.1 Structuremodels 80
3.2.1.1 Insulatorattachmenttostructure 81
3.2.2 Structuretypes 86
3.2.2.1 H-Frames 89
3.2.2.2 Guyedstructures 89
3.3 Structureloads 90
3.3.1 Loadcasesandparameters 90
Table of contents vii
3.3.2 Loadandstrengthfactors 91
3.3.3 Pointloads 91
3.3.4 Loadingschedules 95
3.3.5 Deflectionlimits 98
3.3.6 P-Deltaanalysis 99
3.4 Structuralanalysis 99
3.4.1 Singletangentpoles 99
3.4.2 H-Frames 100
3.4.3 Anglestructures 101
3.4.4 Deadends 102
3.4.4.1 Woodpolebuckling 102
3.4.5 Latticetowers 103
3.4.5.1 Endrestraints 104
3.4.5.2 Crossingdiagonals 104
3.4.6 Substationstructures 106
3.4.6.1 Seismicconsiderations 106
3.4.6.2 Deflectionconsiderations 107
3.4.7 Specialstructures 109
3.4.7.1 Anti-cascadestructures 109
3.4.7.2 Longspansystems 111
3.4.7.3 Air-breakswitches 112
3.4.7.4 Linecrossings 113
3.5 Structuredesign 114
3.5.1 Strengthchecks 114
3.5.1.1 Woodpoles 114
3.5.1.2 Steelpoles 123
3.5.1.3 Latticetowers 131
3.5.1.4 Concretepoles 138
3.5.1.5 Compositepoles 142
3.5.2 Assembliesandparts 142
3.5.3 Framingdrawings 142
3.5.3.1 69kVfamily 145
3.5.3.2 161kVstructures 145
3.5.3.3 345kVstructures 162
3.5.3.4 Distributionstructures 162
3.5.3.5 Specialstructures 162
3.5.3.6 Hardware 162
Problems 183
4 Foundationdesign 185
4.1 Geotechnicaldata 185
4.1.1 Geotechnicalpropertiesofsoils 185
4.1.1.1 Indexproperties 185
4.1.1.2 Engineeringproperties 187
4.1.2 Soilclassification 188
4.1.3 Shearstrengthofsoils 188
4.1.3.1 Sandsandgravels 190
4.1.3.2 Claysandsilts 190
viii Table of contents
4.1.4 Geotechnicalinvestigations 191
4.1.4.1 Fieldtests 193
4.1.4.2 Strengthanddeformationparametersofrock 194
4.1.4.3 Geotechnicalreport 195
4.1.5 ASTMstandards 195
4.2 Designphilosophy 195
4.2.1 Basictypesoffoundations 196
4.2.2 Foundationdesignloads 197
4.2.3 Structureandfoundationreliability 197
4.2.4 Foundationdesignmodels 199
4.2.5 Structuralandgeotechnicaldesigns 202
4.2.6 Deterministicandreliability-baseddesigns 202
4.3 Foundationtypes 203
4.3.1 Drilledshafts 203
4.3.2 Spreadfoundations 207
4.3.2.1 Concretefoundations 208
4.3.2.2 Steelgrillages 208
4.3.3 Directembedment 211
4.3.4 Pilefoundations 212
4.3.5 Micropiles 214
4.3.6 Anchors 215
4.4 Designmodels 218
4.4.1 Drilledshaftsundermomentandshear 219
4.4.1.1 Classificationoflaterallyloadedpiles 219
4.4.1.2 Ultimatecapacitymodels 222
4.4.1.3 Designaspectsofdrilledshafts 230
4.4.1.4 Deflectionandrotations 233
4.4.2 Directembedmentfoundations 234
4.4.2.1 Failuremodes 234
4.4.2.2 Calculationmethodsforembedment 235
4.4.2.3 Rock-socketedfoundations 249
4.4.2.4 Specialtechniquestoenhancecapacity 249
4.4.2.5 Deflectionsandrotations 250
4.4.3 Spreadfoundationsundercompression/moment 251
4.4.3.1 Bearingcapacitytheories 252
4.4.3.2 Foundationssubjecttoeccentricloads 262
4.4.3.3 Practicalaspects 267
4.4.4 Spreadfoundationsunderuplift 268
4.4.4.1 Theoreticalmodels 270
4.4.4.2 Practicalconsiderations 276
4.4.4.3 Foundationmovements 276
4.4.5 Drilledshaftsunderuplift 277
4.4.5.1 Applicationtodirectembedmentpoles 282
4.4.6 Anchorsunderpulloutloads 283
4.4.6.1 Helicalanchors 283
4.4.6.2 Groutedrockanchors 286
Table of contents ix
4.5 Computerprograms 290
4.5.1 CAISSON 290
4.5.2 FAD 290
4.5.3 LPILE 291
4.5.4 SHAFT 291
4.5.5 Heli-Cap 292
Problems 292
5 Designdeliverables 295
5.1 Designreports 296
5.1.1 Preliminarydesigndatabook 296
5.1.1.1 Routemap 296
5.1.1.2 Designsummary 297
5.1.1.3 Clearancetables 297
5.1.1.4 Rightofwaywidth 297
5.1.1.5 Sagandtensiondata 297
5.1.1.6 Structurestrength 300
5.1.1.7 Conductorseparation 301
5.1.1.8 Insulatorswinglimits 303
5.1.1.9 Guyingcalculations 307
5.1.1.10 Anchorchecks 307
5.1.1.11 Foundationloads 307
5.1.1.12 Vibrationdampers 307
5.1.1.13 Framingandassemblydrawings 307
5.2 Engineeringcalculations 309
5.2.1 Structuralanalysisinput 309
5.2.2 Structuralanalysisoutput 314
5.3 PlanandProfiledrawings 316
5.4 Structureloading 316
5.5 Structureframingdrawings 316
5.6 Assemblydrawings 317
5.7 Foundationdrawings 317
5.8 As-Builtrecords 317
6 Advancedtopics 319
6.1 Analysis 319
6.2 Materials 320
6.2.1 Composites 320
6.2.2 Specialconductors 321
6.3 Extremeevents 321
6.3.1 Hurricanes 321
6.3.2 Tornadoes 322
6.3.3 Earthquakes 323
6.3.4 Icestorms 324
6.4 Emergencyrestorationplans 325
6.5 Foundationstrength 326
x Table of contents
References 327
References–Additionalreading 339
Appendices
Appendix1 Analysisanddesignofatransmissionline 345
Appendix2 Woodpoledata 363
Appendix3 Steelpoledata 367
Appendix4 Concretepoledata 377
Appendix5 Poledeflectionlimitations 379
Appendix6 Conductordata 381
Appendix7 Shieldwiredata 383
Appendix8 Opticalgroundwiredata 385
Appendix9 Guywiredata 387
Appendix10 Guyanchordata 389
Appendix11 Insulatordata 391
Appendix12 Soilclassification 395
Appendix13 ASTMandotherstandards 397
Appendix14 Compositepoledata 401
Appendix15 Designchecksbyothercodes 403
Answerstoproblems 419
Index 421