Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems: Stirling Engines and Renewable Power Systems PDF
Preview Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems: Stirling Engines and Renewable Power Systems
Green Energy and Technology Nicolae Badea Editor Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems Stirling Engines and Renewable Power Systems Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Nicolae Badea Editor Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems Stirling Engines and Renewable Power Systems 123 Editor Nicolae Badea “Dunarea deJos”University ofGalati Galati Romania ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4471-6253-7 ISBN 978-1-4471-6254-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6254-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014949293 SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht ©Springer-VerlagLondon2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by EEA Grants Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, through Project RO 0054/2009 in achieving experimental trigeneration system. v Contents Microgeneration Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 George Vlad Badea Decentralized Poly-generation of Energy: Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . 33 Nicolae Badea Combined Micro-Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Nicolae Badea Renewable Energy Sources for the mCCHP-SE-RES Systems . . . . . . . 91 Nicolae Badea, Ion V. Ion, Nelu Cazacu, Lizica Paraschiv, Spiru Paraschiv and Sergiu Caraman Structural Design of the mCCHP-RES System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Nicolae Badea and Alexandru Epureanu Functional Design of the mCCHP-RES System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Nicolae Badea, Alexandru Epureanu, Emil Ceanga, Marian Barbu and Sergiu Caraman Experimental Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Nicolae Badea and Marian Barbu vii Microgeneration Outlook George Vlad Badea Abstract This introductory chapter will blend both legal and technical aspects of microgenerationsystemsinordertoacquaintthereaderswiththeconceptandroles ofmicrogenerationsystems,theperceptionoftheEuropeanUnionandthewaysof promotion and development through policies and legal instruments. These notions are fundamental for readers and practitioners in the field of microgeneration sys- tems since a variety of factors work in close connection and have a profound influence on the development of microgeneration systems. This chapter will make short explanatory remarks about the evolution (1) of the European Union and the energy sector in Europe in the transition to decentralised energy production and extensive use of microgeneration systems. Afterwards, the challenges (2) con- fronting the European energy sector are presented in order to understand the way problems are tackled by the European Union through policies (3) and legal instruments (4) to comprehend the use, promotion and trend for development of microgeneration systems (5). 1 Evolution The past decades have witnessed important changes both in political and techno- logical senses. Europe has evolved, people have evolved and brought along tech- nological progress. Nonetheless, equally important challenges have arisen and Europe has to adapt to the new realities and find solutions in a reliable and sus- tainable way. In the energy sector, the reality is that the “existing energy systems need to be modernised” [1] in order to adapt to the economic, social and envi- ronmental contexts as Europe is struggling with “unprecedented challenges resulting from increased dependence on energy imports and scarce energy resour- ces,andtheneedtolimitclimatechangeandtoovercometheeconomiccrisis”[2]. G.V.Badea(&) ICPESA,Bucharest,Romania e-mail:[email protected] ©Springer-VerlagLondon2015 1 N.Badea(ed.),DesignforMicro-CombinedCooling,HeatingandPowerSystems, GreenEnergyandTechnology,DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-6254-4_1 2 G.V.Badea 1.1 The European Union Politically, “the European Union is a remarkable innovation in relations among states” [3] and both the Union and the energy sector have equally evolved. The European Union started in the 1950s with the European Economic Community (EEC),thantheEuropeanCommunity(EC)in1993aftertheTreatyofMaastrichtand becomingin2009aftertheTreatyofLisbon,theEuropeanUnionaswenowknow. Legallyspeaking,therearemorethan50yearssincetheentryinforceofthefirst of the treaties that shaped the modern European Union. The current treaty in force since 1 December 2009 is the Treaty of Lisbon (the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—TFEU) being preceded by the Nice Treaty (2003), the Amsterdam Treaty (1999), the Maastricht Treaty (1993) and the Single European Act (1987) [4]. 1.2 The European Energy Sector It is important to know that whether founding or joining the European Union, the Member States (MS) freely undertook certain Treaty obligations which are funda- mentalfortheproperdevelopmentoftheUnion.Andif,historically,theenergysector was an exclusive competence of the State, given its increasing importance, it has nowadays become a shared competence between the European Union and the MS whichmustbesatisfied.Moreover,thisdelimitationofcompetences,eitherexclusive ofsharedbetweentheEuropeanUnionandtheMS,isexplicitlystated1intheTreaty. Assuch,theenergysectorisasharedcompetence2withawellestablishedlegal basis.3 Accordingly, the European Union aims at ensuring the functioning of the 1 Article2,Para’s1and2ofTFEU “1.WhentheTreatiesconferontheUnionexclusivecompetenceinaspecificarea,onlythe Unionmaylegislateandadoptlegallybindingacts,theMSbeingabletodosothemselves onlyifsoempoweredbytheUnionorfortheimplementationofUnionacts. 2.WhentheTreatiesconferontheUnionacompetencesharedwiththeMSinaspecific area,theUnionandtheMSmaylegislateandadoptlegallybindingactsinthatarea.The MS shall exercise their competence to the extent that the Union has not exercised its competence.TheMSshallagainexercisetheircompetencetotheextentthattheUnionhas decidedtoceaseexercisingitscompetence”. 2 Article4,Para.2ofTFEU “1.SharedcompetencebetweentheUnionandtheMSappliesinthefollowingprincipalareas: (i)energy. 3 Article194,Para.1ofTFEU “1. In the context of the establishment and functioning of the internal market and with regardfortheneedtopreserveandimprovetheenvironment,Unionpolicyonenergyshall aim,inaspiritofsolidaritybetweenMS,to: MicrogenerationOutlook 3 energy market and the security of energy supply, promoting energy efficiency, energysavings,renewableenergysources(RES)andtheinterconnectionofenergy networks. On the other hand, the MS have a relative independence in determining thewayinwhichtheirenergyresourcesareexploredandthefreechoiceofenergy sources. 1.3 Traditional Grids Versus Smart Grids Technically, the mature European energy system that has “provided the vital links betweenelectricityproducersandconsumerswithgreatsuccessformanydecades” [5] is in fact adapting to the current realities (economical, environmental, social, technological, etc.). The European Union has started a transition from the tradi- tional,centralisedwayofproducingenergy(CentralisedEnergyProduction—CEP) from fossil fuels and nuclear-based power systems to a modern, decentralised way of producing energy (Decentralised Energy Production—DEP) from small-scale generation from RES, using low-carbon solutions such as the microgeneration systems. This, in turn, implies a shift in energy consumer’s activity, from the traditional passive consumers to modern active consumers which become them- selvesproducers[6].Tohaveavisualimageoftheabove-mentioned,thetraditional electricity grid in a simple depiction goes from production of electricity in power plants, transmission of electricity through high-voltage lines and distribution to consumers through low-voltage lines as presented in the following Fig. 1. On the other hand, the new grids, commonly known as Smart Grids, are “intelligent energy supply systems” [8] that in Europe are being defined as “elec- tricitynetworksthatcanintelligentlyintegratethebehaviourandactionsofallusers connected to it—generators, consumers and those that do both—in order to effi- ciently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies’’ [9]. This entails that Smart Grid covers the entire electricity chain from production to con- sumption, with bidirectional flows of both energy (import and export of energy, easygridaccess)andinformation(realtimeinteractionswithelectricitymarket),as shown in the next Fig. 2. (Footnote3continued) (a)ensurethefunctioningoftheenergymarket; (b)ensuresecurityofenergysupplyintheUnion; (c) promote energy efficiency and energy saving and the development of new and renewableformsofenergy;and (d)promotetheinterconnectionofenergynetworks”.
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