Design and Manufacture of Textile Composites

479 Pages·2005·6.603 MB·English

by  A. C. Long

Design and manufacture of textile composites
i
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
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ii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
Design and
manufacture of
textile composites
Edited by
A. C. Long
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
W
OODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED
Cambridge England
iii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited in association with The Textile Institute
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
Contents
Contributor contact details ix
Introduction xiii
A C LONG, University of Nottingham, UK
1 Manufacturing and internal geometry of textiles 1
S LOMOV, I VERPOEST, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
and F ROBITAILLE, University of Ottawa, Canada
1.1 Hierarchy of textile materials 1
1.2 Textile yarns 2
1.3 Woven fabrics 10
1.4 Braided fabrics 27
1.5 Multiaxial multiply non-crimp fabrics 35
1.6 Modelling of internal geometry of textile preforms 47
1.7 References 60
2 Mechanical analysis of textiles 62
A C LONG, University of Nottingham, UK, P BOISSE, INSA Lyon,
France and F ROBITAILLE, University of Ottawa, Canada
2.1 Introduction 62
2.2 In-plane shear 63
2.3 Biaxial in-plane tension 73
2.4 Compaction 88
2.5 References 107
3 Rheological behaviour of pre-impregnated textile
composites 110
P HARRISON and M CLIFFORD, University of Nottingham, UK
3.1 Introduction 110
3.2 Deformation mechanisms 111
3.3 Review of constitutive modelling work 116
3.4 Characterisation methods 129
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
vi Contents
3.5 Forming evaluation methods 137
3.6 Summary 142
3.7 Acknowledgements 142
3.8 References 143
4 Forming textile composites 149
W-R YU, Seoul National University, Korea and A C LONG,
University of Nottingham, UK
4.1 Introduction 149
4.2 Mapping approaches 149
4.3 Constitutive modelling approach 155
4.4 Concluding remarks and future direction 175
4.5 Acknowledgements 178
4.6 References 178
5 Manufacturing with thermosets 181
J DOMINY, Carbon Concepts Limited, UK, C RUDD, University of
Nottingham, UK
5.1 Introduction 181
5.2 Pre-impregnated composites 181
5.3 Liquid moulding of textile composites 187
5.4 References 196
6 Composites manufacturing – thermoplastics 197
M D WAKEMAN and J-A E. MÅNSON, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
6.1 Introduction 197
6.2 Consolidation of thermoplastic composites 198
6.3 Textile thermoplastic composite material forms 205
6.4 Processing routes 217
6.5 Novel thermoplastic composite manufacturing routes 233
6.6 Conclusions 236
6.7 Acknowledgements 236
6.8 References 237
7 Modeling, optimization and control of resin flow
during manufacturing of textile composites with
liquid molding 242
A GOKCE and S G ADVANI, University of Delaware, USA
7.1 Liquid composite molding processes 242
7.2 Flow through porous media 244
7.3 Liquid injection molding simulation 247
7.4 Gate location optimization 254
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
Contents vii
7.5 Disturbances in the mold filling process 259
7.6 Active control 268
7.7 Passive control 274
7.8 Conclusion 285
7.9 Outlook 286
7.10 Acknowledgements 288
7.11 References 288
8 Mechanical properties of textile composites 292
I A JONES, University of Nottingham, UK and A K PICKETT,
Cranfield University, UK
8.1 Introduction 292
8.2 Elastic behaviour 292
8.3 Failure and impact behaviour 312
8.4 References 327
9 Flammability and fire resistance of composites 330
A R HORROCKS and B K KANDOLA, University of Bolton, UK
9.1 Introduction 330
9.2 Constituents – their physical, chemical, mechanical and
flammability properties 332
9.3 Flammability of composite structures 346
9.4 Methods of imparting flame retardancy to composites 349
9.5 Conclusions 359
9.6 References 360
10 Cost analysis 364
M D WAKEMAN and J-A E MÅNSON, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
10.1 Introduction 364
10.2 Cost estimation methodologies 366
10.3 Cost build-up in textile composite applications 374
10.4 Case study 1: thermoplastic composite stamping 382
10.5 Case study 2: composites for the Airbus family 396
10.6 Conclusions 402
10.7 Acknowledgements 402
10.8 References 402
11 Aerospace applications 405
J LOWE, Tenex Fibres GmbH, Germany
11.1 Introduction 405
11.2 Developments in woven fabric applications using
standard prepreg processing 406
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
viii Contents
11.3 Carbon fibre multiaxial fabric developments 408
11.4 Improvement in standard fabric technology for
non-prepreg processing applications 416
11.5 Braided materials 417
11.6 Tailored fibre placement 418
11.7 Preforming 419
11.8 Repair of fabric components 423
12 Applications of textile composites in the
construction industry 424
J CHILTON, University of Lincoln, UK and R VELASCO,
University of Nottingham, UK
12.1 Introduction 424
12.2 Fibre reinforced polymers 424
12.3 Membrane structures 426
12.4 Case studies 429
12.5 Future developments 431
12.6 References 435
13 Textile reinforced composites in medicine 436
J G ELLIS, Ellis Developments Limited, UK
13.1 Splinting material 436
13.2 Walking support frame 438
13.3 Bone plates 439
13.4 General application 441
13.5 Living composites 442
14 Textile composites in sports products 444
K VAN DE VELDE, Ghent University, Belgium
14.1 Introduction 444
14.2 Materials 445
14.3 Design 447
14.4 Production technology 449
14.5 Applications 450
14.6 Conclusion 456
14.7 Acknowledgement 456
14.8 References 456
Glossary 458
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005
Contributor contact details
Introduction Chapter 2
Professor A.C. Long Professor P. Boisse
School of Mechanical, Materials and Laboratoire de Méchanique des
Manufacturing Engineering Contacts et des solides
University of Nottingham LaMCoS, UMR CNRS 5514
University Park INSA de Lyon
Nottingham NG7 2RD Bâtiment Jacquard
UK 27 Avenue Jean Capelle
69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
Email: [email protected]
France
Chapter 1
Email:[email protected]
Professor S. Lomov and Professor I.
Verpoest Professor A. C. Long
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven School of Mechanical, Materials and
Department of MTM Manufacturing Engineering
Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 University of Nottingham
B-3001, Heverlee University Park
Belgium Nottingham NG7 2RD
UK
Email:
[email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Email:
[email protected]
Dr F. Robitaille
Faculty of Engineering
Dr F. Robitaille
161 Louis Pasteur
Faculty of Engineering
Room A306
161 Louis Pasteur
Ottawa, Ontario
Room A306
Canada K1N 6N5
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1N 6N5
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005