Design and Development of Aircraft Systems, Second Edition

330 Pages·2012·1.17 MB·English

by  Ian Moir

DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Aerospace Series List
UnderstandingAerodynamics:Arguingfromthe McLean November2012
RealPhysics
IntroductiontoUAVSystems,4thEdition FahlstromandGleason August2012
TheoryofLift:IntroductoryComputational McBain August2012
AerodynamicswithMATLABandOctave
SenseandAvoidinUAS:Researchand Angelov April2012
Applications
MorphingAerospaceVehiclesandStructures Valasek April2012
GasTurbinePropulsionSystems MacIsaacandLangton July2011
BasicHelicopterAerodynamics,3rdEdition SeddonandNewman July2011
AdvancedControlofAircraft,Spacecraftand Tewari July2011
Rockets
CooperativePathPlanningofUnmannedAerial Tsourdosetal November2010
Vehicles
PrinciplesofFlightforPilots Swatton October2010
AirTravelandHealth:ASystemsPerspective Seabridgeetal September2010
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures: Kassapoglou September2010
WithapplicationstoaerospaceStructures
UnmannedAircraftSystems:UAVSDesign, Austin April2010
DevelopmentandDeployment
IntroductiontoAntennaPlacement& Macnamara April2010
Installations
PrinciplesofFlightSimulation Allerton October2009
AircraftFuelSystems Langtonetal May2009
TheGlobalAirlineIndustry Belobaba April2009
ComputationalModellingandSimulationof Diston April2009
AircraftandtheEnvironment:Volume1-
PlatformKinematicsandSynthetic
Environment
HandbookofSpaceTechnology Ley,WittmannHallmann April2009
AircraftPerformanceTheoryandPracticefor Swatton August2008
Pilots
SurrogateModellinginEngineeringDesign:A Forrester,Sobester,Keane August2008
PracticalGuide
AircraftSystems,3rdEdition Moir&Seabridge March2008
IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityAndLoads Wright&Cooper December2007
StabilityandControlofAircraftSystems Langton September2006
MilitaryAvionicsSystems Moir&Seabridge February2006
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems Moir&Seabridge June2004
AircraftLoadingandStructuralLayout Howe May2004
AircraftDisplaySystems Jukes December2003
CivilAvionicsSystems Moir&Seabridge December2002
DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
SECOND EDITION
IanMoir
MoirAssociates
Allan Seabridge
AerospaceSystemsConsultant
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2013
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Moir,I.(Ian)
[Designanddevelopmentofaircraftsystems]
Anintroductiontoaircraftsystemsdesign&development/IanMoir,AllanSeabridge.–SecondEdition
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-94119-4(cloth)
1.Airplanes–Designandconstruction. 2.Aeronautics–Systemsengineering. I.Seabridge,A.G.(AllanG.)
II.Title.
TL671.2.S392013
629.134(cid:3)1–dc23
2012031458
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryandtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN:978-1-119-94119-4
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
Contents
AbouttheAuthors xiii
SeriesPreface xv
Acknowledgements xvi
Glossary xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 SystemsDevelopment 3
1.3 Skills 7
1.4 Overview 9
References 11
FurtherReading 11
2 TheAircraftSystems 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Definitions 13
2.3 EverydayExamplesofSystems 14
2.4 AircraftSystemsofInterest 17
2.4.1 AirframeSystems 22
2.4.2 VehicleSystems 22
2.4.3 InterfaceCharacteristicsofVehicleSystems 24
2.4.4 AvionicsSystems 25
2.4.5 CharacteristicsofVehicleandAvionicsSystems 26
2.4.6 MissionSystems 26
2.4.7 InterfaceCharacteristicsofMissionSystems 27
2.5 GroundSystems 27
2.6 GenericSystemDefinition 28
References 31
FurtherReading 31
vi Contents
3 TheDesignandDevelopmentProcess 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Definitions 34
3.3 TheProductLifeCycle 35
3.4 ConceptPhase 39
3.4.1 EngineeringProcess 40
3.4.2 EngineeringSkills 42
3.5 DefinitionPhase 43
3.5.1 EngineeringProcess 43
3.5.2 EngineeringSkills 44
3.6 DesignPhase 47
3.6.1 EngineeringProcess 47
3.6.2 EngineeringSkills 48
3.7 BuildPhase 49
3.7.1 EngineeringProcess 49
3.7.2 EngineeringSkills 49
3.8 TestPhase 50
3.8.1 EngineeringProcess 50
3.8.2 EngineeringSkills 50
3.9 OperatePhase 51
3.9.1 EngineeringProcess 51
3.9.2 EngineeringSkills 52
3.10 DisposalorRetirementPhase 52
3.10.1 EngineeringProcess 52
3.10.2 EngineeringSkills 53
3.11 RefurbishmentPhase 53
3.11.1 EngineeringProcess 53
3.11.2 EngineeringSkills 53
3.12 WholeLifeCycleTasks 54
Exercises 55
References 55
FurtherReading 56
4 DesignDrivers 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 DesignDriversintheBusinessEnvironment 59
4.2.1 Customer 59
4.2.2 MarketandCompetition 60
4.2.3 Capacity 61
4.2.4 FinancialIssues 61
4.2.5 DefencePolicy 61
4.2.6 LeisureandBusinessInterests 62
4.2.7 Politics 62
4.2.8 Technology 63
Contents vii
4.3 DesignDriversintheProjectEnvironment 63
4.3.1 StandardsandRegulations 63
4.3.2 Availability 64
4.3.3 Cost 65
4.3.4 Programme 65
4.3.5 Performance 65
4.3.6 SkillsandResources 66
4.3.7 Health,SafetyandEnvironmentalIssues 66
4.3.8 Risk 67
4.4 DesignDriversintheProductEnvironment 67
4.4.1 FunctionalPerformance 67
4.4.2 Human/MachineInterface 68
4.4.3 CrewandPassengers 68
4.4.4 StoresandCargo 69
4.4.5 Structure 69
4.4.6 Safety 70
4.4.7 Quality 70
4.4.8 EnvironmentalConditions 70
4.5 DriversintheProductOperatingEnvironment 71
4.5.1 Heat 71
4.5.2 Noise 72
4.5.3 RFRadiation 72
4.5.4 SolarEnergy 73
4.5.5 Altitude 73
4.5.6 Temperature 74
4.5.7 Contaminants/DestructiveSubstances 74
4.5.8 Lightning 75
4.5.9 Nuclear,BiologicalandChemical 75
4.5.10 Vibration 75
4.5.11 Shock 76
4.6 InterfaceswiththeSub-SystemEnvironment 76
4.6.1 PhysicalInterfaces 76
4.6.2 PowerInterfaces 77
4.6.3 DataCommunicationInterfaces 77
4.6.4 Input/OutputInterfaces 78
4.6.5 Status/DiscreteData 78
4.7 Obsolescence 78
4.7.1 TheThreatofObsolescenceintheProductLifeCycle 79
4.7.2 ManagingObsolescence 84
References 85
FurtherReading 85
5 SystemsArchitectures 87
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Definitions 88
viii Contents
5.3 SystemsArchitectures 88
5.3.1 GeneralSystems 92
5.3.2 AvionicSystems 92
5.3.3 MissionSystems 92
5.3.4 CabinSystems 92
5.3.5 DataBus 92
5.4 ArchitectureModellingandTrade-off 93
5.5 ExampleofaDevelopingArchitecture 95
5.6 EvolutionofAvionicsArchitectures 96
5.6.1 DistributedAnalogueArchitecture 98
5.6.2 DistributedDigitalArchitecture 100
5.6.3 FederatedDigitalArchitecture 101
5.6.4 IntegratedModularArchitecture 103
References 106
FurtherReading 106
6 SystemsIntegration 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Definitions 109
6.3 ExamplesofSystemsIntegration 109
6.3.1 IntegrationattheComponentLevel 109
6.3.2 IntegrationattheSystemLevel 110
6.3.3 IntegrationattheProcessLevel 117
6.3.4 IntegrationattheFunctionalLevel 120
6.3.5 IntegrationattheInformationLevel 123
6.3.6 IntegrationatthePrimeContractorLevel 123
6.3.7 IntegrationArisingfromEmergentProperties 124
6.4 SystemIntegrationSkills 126
6.5 ManagementofSystemsIntegration 128
6.5.1 MajorActivities 128
6.5.2 MajorMilestones 129
6.5.3 DecompositionandDefinitionProcess 131
6.5.4 IntegrationandVerificationProcess 131
6.5.5 ComponentEngineering 131
6.6 HighlyIntegratedSystems 132
6.6.1 IntegrationofPrimaryFlightControlSystems 134
6.7 Discussion 135
References 137
FurtherReading 137
7 VerificationofSystemRequirements 139
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 GatheringQualificationEvidenceintheLifeCycle 140
7.3 TestMethods 143
7.3.1 InspectionofDesign 143
7.3.2 Calculation 143
Contents ix
7.3.3 Analogy 144
7.3.4 ModellingandSimulation 144
7.3.5 TestRigs 158
7.3.6 EnvironmentalTesting 159
7.3.7 IntegrationTestRigs 159
7.3.8 FlightTest 161
7.3.9 Trials 162
7.3.10 OperationalTest 163
7.3.11 Demonstrations 163
7.4 AnExampleUsingaRadarSystem 163
References 166
FurtherReading 166
8 PracticalConsiderations 167
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Stakeholders 167
8.2.1 IdentificationofStakeholders 167
8.2.2 ClassificationofStakeholders 169
8.3 Communications 170
8.3.1 TheNatureofCommunication 171
8.3.2 ExamplesofOrganisationCommunicationMedia 173
8.3.3 TheCostofPoorCommunication 174
8.3.4 ALessonLearned 174
8.4 GivingandReceivingCriticism 177
8.4.1 TheNeedforCriticismintheDesignProcess 177
8.4.2 TheNatureofCriticism 178
8.4.3 BehavioursAssociatedwithCriticism 178
8.4.4 Conclusions 179
8.5 SupplierRelationships 179
8.6 EngineeringJudgement 181
8.7 Complexity 181
8.8 EmergentProperties 182
8.9 AircraftWiringandConnectors 183
8.9.1 AircraftWiring 183
8.9.2 AircraftBreaks 183
8.9.3 WiringBundleDefinition 185
8.9.4 WiringRouting 185
8.9.5 WiringSizing 186
8.9.6 AircraftElectricalSignalTypes 187
8.9.7 ElectricalSegregation 188
8.9.8 TheNatureofAircraftWiringandConnectors 189
8.9.9 UseofTwistedPairsandQuads 190
8.10 BondingandGrounding 192
References 194
FurtherReading 194
x Contents
9 ConfigurationControl 195
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 ConfigurationControlProcess 195
9.3 ASimplePortrayalofaSystem 196
9.4 VaryingSystemConfigurations 197
9.4.1 SystemConfigurationA 198
9.4.2 SystemConfigurationB 199
9.4.3 SystemConfigurationC 200
9.5 ForwardsandBackwardsCompatibility 201
9.5.1 ForwardsCompatibility 202
9.5.2 BackwardsCompatibility 202
9.6 FactorsAffectingCompatibility 203
9.6.1 Hardware 203
9.6.2 Software 203
9.6.3 Wiring 204
9.7 SystemEvolution 205
9.8 ConfigurationControl 206
9.8.1 AirbusA380Example 208
9.9 InterfaceControl 210
9.9.1 InterfaceControlDocument 210
9.9.2 AircraftLevelDataBusData 213
9.9.3 SystemInternalDataBusData 213
9.9.4 InternalSystemInput/OutputData 213
9.9.5 FuelComponentInterfaces 214
10 AircraftSystemExamples 215
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 DesignConsiderations 215
10.3 SafetyandEconomicConsiderations 217
10.4 FailureSeverityCategorisation 218
10.5 DesignAssuranceLevels 218
10.6 Redundancy 219
10.6.1 ArchitectureOptions 220
10.6.2 SystemExamples 223
10.7 IntegrationofAircraftSystems 226
10.7.1 EngineControlSystem 228
10.7.2 FlightControlSystem 229
10.7.3 AttitudeMeasurementSystem 230
10.7.4 AirDataSystem 231
10.7.5 ElectricalPowerSystem 232
10.7.6 HydraulicPowerSystem 233
10.8 IntegrationofAvionicsSystems 233
References 237